Menu of Interventions
Animal Charity Evaluators (ACE) developed the Menu of Interventions to inform our assessment of charities’ programs and to support animal advocates in defining and evaluating their work. As we refine this list, we expect to use it alongside our Menu of Outcomes in future charity evaluations and grantmaking activities. In this context, the term “intervention” refers to any activity, program, or strategy an organization or individual conducts to create change for nonhuman animals.
The 27 intervention types below aim to capture a broad spectrum of strategies animal advocates use to try to produce change for animals. We categorized these interventions with the intention of better understanding and communicating how the animal advocacy movement works as a whole and how individual charities operate within the movement. The Menu of Interventions is not intended to be an exhaustive list of intervention types. We only include those commonly used by the charities in our Charity Evaluations and Movement Grants programs. We expect to update this list as we encounter new interventions used by the organizations we evaluate.
Many interventions are likely to be associated with multiple advocacy outcomes. To better illustrate our thinking about the potential impact of each intervention, we included expected outcomes for each type. See our Menu of Outcomes page to learn more about these outcomes.
This category refers to books intended to spread anti-speciesist values or support an animal advocacy initiative.
Expected outcome(s):
- Decreased consumption of animal products
- Increased engagement in animal advocacy
- Increased knowledge/skills for animal advocacy
- Increased prevalence of anti-speciesist values
Examples of interventions:
- Publishing: Publishing books on animal welfare and related issues, including veg*n cookbooks.
- Translation and distribution: Translating and distributing books on animal welfare and related issues to make them accessible to wider audiences.
This category refers to engaging celebrities and/or influencers to change attitudes and behaviors toward animals or support a specific animal advocacy initiative.
Expected outcome(s):
- Decreased consumption of animal products
- Improvement of welfare standards
- Increased engagement in animal advocacy
- Increased prevalence of anti-speciesist values
Examples of interventions:
- Influencer partnerships: Forming partnerships with influential celebrities or social media influencers to amplify the charity’s message and reach new audiences.
- Celebrity endorsements: Receiving endorsements from well-known celebrities or public figures to raise the charity’s profile and attract more support.
- Content collaborations: Collaborating with celebrities or influencers to create social media posts, videos, or other content promoting the charity’s cause and mission.
- Fundraising events: Organizing fundraising events featuring appearances or performances by celebrities to attract attendees and increase donations.
- Celebrity outreach campaigns: Organizing campaigns to reach out to celebrities or public figures to raise awareness of the charity’s mission and encourage their support.
- Celebrity social media takeovers: Have celebrities take over the charity’s social media accounts for a short time to promote its cause and engage with followers.
This category refers to legal action against the animal agriculture industry, such as filing lawsuits against factory farms or helping animal-free product companies defend against lawsuits from the animal agriculture industry.
Expected outcome(s):
- Decreased availability of animal products
- Improvement of welfare standards
- Increased availability of animal-free products
Examples of interventions:
- Legal advocacy: Engaging in legal action against farms, producers, or corporations to address animal welfare violations.
- Regulatory advocacy: Using legal action to advocate for stronger animal welfare regulations and enforcement, such as through filing complaints or breach notifications to regulatory agencies or industry associations.
This category refers to engaging food companies (e.g., retailers, supermarkets, restaurants) or institutions (e.g., schools, universities, hospitals) to promote plant-based options or reduce animal product consumption.
Expected outcome(s):
- Decreased consumption of animal products
- Increased availability of animal-free products
- Decreased availability of animal products
Examples of interventions:
- Plant-based advice and training: Providing advice, training, and educational resources to help companies or food professionals use more plant-based products.
- Veg*n outreach campaigns: Launching outreach campaigns, such as meat reduction commitments and Meatless Monday campaigns, to encourage institutions or corporations to use more plant-based products.
- Staff engagement programs: Engaging with institutions and corporations to encourage their staff to participate in meat reduction programs or pledges, such as Veganuary.
- Industry events and networking: Organizing or participating in industry events and networking with and securing the support of industry stakeholders to promote plant-based shifts and build partnerships.
- Award schemes and product launches: Creating award schemes to recognize and reward plant-based shifts or supporting the launch of new veg*n products.
- Corporate commitment campaigns: Engaging in campaigns to obtain commitments from corporations to decrease the availability of animal products, such as campaigns to stop selling fur, foie gras, or other animal products.
This category refers to outreach or campaigns to encourage food companies (e.g., retailers, supermarkets, restaurants) or institutions to commit to improving animal welfare standards throughout their supply chains.
Expected outcome(s):
- Improvement of welfare standards
Examples of interventions:
- Corporate commitment campaigns: Engaging in campaigns to obtain commitments from corporations to improve animal welfare standards, such as campaigns promoting broiler chicken welfare, cage-free housing, fur bans, or better treatment of fish in aquaculture.
- Certifier outreach: Working with certification programs and auditors to promote improved animal welfare standards, such as through training, workshops, or collaborative initiatives that lead to better certification standards.
- Welfare recommendations: Publishing data-driven animal welfare recommendations for corporations or certifiers to encourage welfare improvements and support companies in making welfare commitments.
- Implementation tracking: Tracking the implementation of animal welfare commitments by corporations or certifiers using tools such as rankings, trackers, and reports to hold them accountable and promote transparency.
- Implementation support: Providing support to corporations and certifiers to facilitate the implementation of animal welfare commitments, such as by offering guidance on best practices, connecting them with suppliers or experts, or helping them develop policies and procedures that prioritize animal welfare.
This category refers to documentaries and films intended to spread anti-speciesist values or support a specific animal advocacy initiative.
Expected outcome(s):
- Decreased consumption of animal products
- Increased engagement in animal advocacy
- Increased knowledge/skills for animal advocacy
- Increased prevalence of anti-speciesist values
Examples of interventions:
- Production and distribution: Producing, supporting, or distributing documentaries and films that raise awareness and educate the public about animal welfare issues.
- Screenings: Organizing screenings of a documentary or film, including at film festivals.
This category refers to humane education and other formal educational programs aimed at students in educational institutions that are intended to spread anti-speciesist values and change attitudes and behaviors toward animals.
Expected outcome(s):
- Decreased consumption of animal products
- Improvement of welfare standards
- Increased knowledge/skills for animal advocacy
- Increased prevalence of anti-speciesist values
Examples of interventions:
- Educational seminars, lectures, presentations, or workshops: Organizing or sponsoring presentations, or workshops on topics related to animal welfare, plant-based living or other relevant issues in schools or universities.
- Educational programs in schools: Establishing or supporting educational programs in schools, such as mentorship programs or courses for students interested in animal welfare or plant-based living.
- Curriculum development: Collaborating with educators to develop curricula that incorporate animal welfare and environmental topics into new or existing courses, classes, or modules.
- Webinars and online courses: Organizing webinars, e-learning courses, and interactive tools to educate the public about animal welfare issues and promote behavior change.
This category refers to influencing funding toward animal advocacy organizations or individuals, as well as startups or other companies working on alternatives to animal products.
Expected outcome(s):
- Decreased availability of animal products
- Improvement of welfare standards
- Increased availability of animal-free products
- Increased engagement in animal advocacy
Examples of interventions:
- Influencing investors: Influencing individuals to invest in plant-based startups, organizations, and initiatives, supporting the development and implementation of innovative solutions to promote plant-based living or animal welfare.
- Influencing government funding: Advocating for increased government funding for plant-based and animal welfare initiatives.
- Defunding: Lobbying funders or governments to stop funding factory farming, animal products, and other industries that are harmful to animals.
This category refers to providing funding toward animal advocacy organizations or individuals, as well as startups or other companies working on alternatives to animal products.
Expected outcome(s):
- Decreased availability of animal products
- Improvement of welfare standards
- Increased availability of animal-free products
- Increased engagement in animal advocacy
Examples of interventions:
- Establishment of funds: Establishing funds to support plant-based startups, organizations, and initiatives; providing financial resources to help them scale and expand their impact.
- Provision of funding: Providing funding to plant-based startups, organizations, and initiatives; supporting the development and implementation of innovative solutions to promote plant-based living and animal welfare.
- Grants: Awarding grants to individuals and organizations working on plant-based and animal welfare issues; providing financial support for research, advocacy, and other initiatives.
- Innovation funding: Providing funding to support innovation in the plant-based sector; investing in the research and development of new technologies and products that promote plant-based living and animal welfare.
This category refers to engaging politicians or government/public institutions to change laws and/or policies affecting animals. It also refers to ballot initiatives, popular initiatives, propositions, or other types of citizen initiatives aimed at changing a law or the constitution through collecting petition signatures from voters.
Expected outcome(s):
- Decreased availability of animal products
- Improvement of welfare standards
- Increased availability of animal-free products
Examples of interventions:
- Lobbying: Lobbying government bodies, institutions, or individuals to advance animal protection legislation, improve animal welfare policies, or promote the provision of animal-free alternatives.
- Governmental presentations: Giving presentations, workshops, or seminars on animal welfare at governmental or intergovernmental events to raise awareness, promote dialogue, and share expertise.
- Stakeholder networking: Networking with and securing the support of government stakeholders to gain influence, build alliances, and advance animal welfare goals.
- Participating in governmental processes: Active participation in governmental processes, such as engaging in policy working groups, task forces, or advisory committees.
- Petitions: Creating and promoting petitions to advocate for change, such as petitions to ban animal testing, end animal agriculture subsidies, improve animal welfare legislation, or increase the availability of animal-free options.
- Popular initiatives: Supporting popular initiatives like ballot initiatives that allow citizens to propose and vote on laws around animal welfare issues, such as bans on certain farming practices or the sale of certain animal products.
This category refers to investigations into animal-related issues or facilities.
Expected outcome(s):
- Decreased consumption of animal products
- Improvement of welfare standards
- Increased knowledge/skills for animal advocacy
Examples of interventions:
- Investigations into animal-related issues or facilities: Conducting investigations, including undercover investigations, to document animal welfare violations and expose the mistreatment of animals in farms, transport facilities, and slaughterhouses.
- Development of reporting tools: Developing and implementing tools and systems to make it easier for individuals to report animal welfare violations, such as by creating a hotline or online reporting platform.
This category refers to leaflets or pamphlets that raise awareness of animal issues or promote behavioral change.
Expected outcome(s):
- Decreased consumption of animal products
- Increased engagement in animal advocacy
- Increased prevalence of anti-speciesist values
Examples of interventions:
- Leaflet distribution: Distributing leaflets in public places to raise awareness about animal welfare and promote plant-based living.
- Educational pamphlets: Creating and distributing educational pamphlets on animal welfare and plant-based living to schools, universities, and other educational institutions.
This category refers to engaging media outlets or journalists to change attitudes and behaviors toward animals or support a specific animal advocacy initiative.
Expected outcome(s):
- Decreased consumption of animal products
- Improvement of welfare standards
- Increased engagement in animal advocacy
Examples of interventions:
- Media coverage and promotion of the charity: Securing media coverage and promotion to raise awareness of the charity and the animal welfare issues it advocates for.
- Anti-speciesist messaging and plant-based promotion: Securing coverage of anti-speciesist messaging, animal welfare issues, or plant-based diets to promote behavioral change and encourage the public to adopt more animal-friendly and sustainable practices.
This category refers to building or strengthening networks, alliances, or coalitions within animal advocacy.
Expected outcome(s):
- Increased engagement in animal advocacy
- Increased knowledge/skills for animal advocacy
Examples of interventions:
- Conference organization: Organizing conferences to bring together animal advocates, researchers, industry professionals, and other stakeholders to share knowledge and collaborate on solutions.
- Coalition and partnership building: Establishing and maintaining coalitions or partnerships with other organizations working on animal welfare issues or recruiting new member organizations into existing coalitions.
- Student groups: Founding student groups to engage students interested in animal welfare or plant-based alternatives.
This category refers to physical advertising (e.g., billboards) that raises awareness of animal issues or promotes behavioral change.
Expected outcome(s):
- Decreased consumption of animal products
- Increased engagement in animal advocacy
- Increased prevalence of anti-speciesist values
Examples of interventions:
- Billboard campaigns: Launching billboard campaigns to raise awareness about animal welfare issues and promote plant-based living.
- Posters and stickers: Displaying posters and stickers in bus stops and urban areas to raise awareness about animal welfare and promote plant-based diets.
- Guerilla advertising: Conducting advertising campaigns in unconventional spaces, such as graffiti on public walls or projections on buildings.
- Print ads: Placing ads in newspapers, magazines, and other print media to raise awareness about animal welfare issues and promote plant-based living.
This category refers to podcasts that raise awareness about animal issues or promote behavioral change.
Expected outcome(s):
- Decreased consumption of animal products
- Increased engagement in animal advocacy
- Increased knowledge/skills for animal advocacy
- Increased prevalence of anti-speciesist values
Examples of interventions:
- Podcast creation: Creating podcasts to promote animal welfare issues and share information and knowledge.
- Representation on existing podcasts: Guest appearances on other existing podcasts to share knowledge and insights on animal welfare issues.
This category refers to engaging animal farmers or animal product producers to encourage them to increase animal welfare standards on farms or transition from animal agriculture to plant-based agriculture.
Expected outcome(s):
- Improvement of welfare standards
- Increased availability of animal-free products
Examples of interventions:
- Welfare commitment campaigns: Working to obtain animal welfare commitments fromm producers through outreach and collaboration efforts or pressure campaigns.
- Best practices dissemination: Disseminating animal welfare best practices and guidelines to producers through educational methods such as workshops, webinars, and training sessions.
- Coalition building: Helping build and support coalitions of producers and industry stakeholders who are committed to improving animal welfare.
- Welfare audits and assessments: Conducting audits and assessments of producer operations to evaluate their animal welfare practices and identify areas for improvement.
- Transparency and reporting: Working with producers to increase transparency and reporting on animal welfare practices through initiatives such as public reporting, certification, or labeling.
This category refers to programs or schemes to label or certify products as vegan, vegetarian, or higher-welfare.
Expected outcome(s):
- Improvement of welfare standards
- Increased availability of animal-free products
Examples of interventions:
- New product labeling: Campaigning for new products to receive animal welfare or veg*n/plant-based labels.
- Brand labeling commitments: Convincing brands to commit to labeling their products.
This category refers to protests or organized demonstrations to support an animal advocacy initiative.
Expected outcome(s):
- Decreased consumption of animal products
- Increased engagement in animal advocacy
Examples of interventions:
- Protest organization: Organizing or participating in protests, demonstrations, or marches to raise awareness about animal welfare issues and advocate for change.
- Nonviolent direct action: Engaging in nonviolent direct action campaigns such as sit-ins, blockades, or banner drops to call attention to animal welfare abuses or promote plant-based living.
- Creative stunts: Developing creative and attention-grabbing stunts or performances to raise awareness about animal welfare issues and promote plant-based living.
This category refers to helping recruit individuals to the animal advocacy community.
Expected outcome(s):
- Increased engagement in animal advocacy
Examples of interventions:
- Talent recruitment: Influencing individuals to apply for animal advocacy roles, connecting candidates with organizations working to improve animal welfare and promote plant-based diets.
- Recruitment support: Providing recruitment and hiring advice to organizations, helping them to identify and attract talent in the animal advocacy sector.
- Candidate placement: Placing qualified candidates in partner organizations.
- Career development: Offering career advising services, coaching, or education on career development to help individuals build their skills and pursue careers in the animal advocacy sector.
- Job board visitors: Attracting individuals to the charity’s job board, providing a resource for animal advocates seeking employment in the sector.
This category refers to conducting or promoting research that is useful for animal advocacy.
Expected outcome(s):
- Improvement of welfare standards
- Increased availability of animal-free products
- Increased knowledge/skills for animal advocacy
Examples of interventions:
- Market and consumer research: Conducting market and consumer research studies to better understand public attitudes and behaviors towards animal welfare and plant-based diets.
- Cell-cultured and plant-based meat research: Supporting research in the development and production of cell-cultured and plant-based meat.
- Welfare research: Funding and conducting research projects and studies to identify areas for welfare improvement and promote evidence-based advocacy.
- Research reports: Publishing research reports on a range of animal welfare issues to inform the public, policymakers, and other stakeholders.
- Field research: Conducting field research at farms to examine welfare conditions and identify opportunities for improvement.
- Research funding: Providing funding for research proposals aligned with the charity’s mission to advance scientific understanding of animal welfare and promote evidence-based advocacy.
This category refers to developing or strengthening the skills, processes, and/or resources that animal advocates need to conduct and improve their work.
Expected outcome(s):
- Increased engagement in animal advocacy
- Increased knowledge/skills for animal advocacy
Examples of interventions:
- Support in-person programs or groups: Establishing programs or groups to support activists working on animal welfare issues by providing them with a community and resources.
- Training and advising within animal advocacy: Providing training, advice, or mentorships to animal advocacy groups.
- Webinars, talks, workshops, and seminars: Organizing webinars, talks, workshops, or seminars to share knowledge and build skills among animal welfare advocates and supporters.
This category refers to social media campaigns or online ads that raise awareness about animal issues or promote behavioral change.
Expected outcome(s):
- Decreased consumption of animal products
- Increased engagement in animal advocacy
- Increased prevalence of anti-speciesist values
- Improvement of welfare standards
Examples of interventions:
- Social media campaigns: Using online platforms to raise awareness about animal welfare issues or promote behavioral change. This can include targeted advertising, sharing content such as videos or infographics, or grassroots efforts to engage the public in discussions about animal welfare.
- Digital ad campaigns: Using digital ad campaigns to promote animal welfare or plant-based living.
- Online outreach: Engaging in online outreach efforts, including email campaigns and other forms of online communication, to engage with supporters and raise awareness about animal welfare issues.
This category refers to apps or other online resources that promote vegetarian or vegan (veg*n) products to consumers (e.g., guides on vegan restaurants and products).
Expected outcome(s):
- Decreased consumption of animal products
- Increased availability of animal-free products
Examples of interventions:
- Veg*n-friendly resources: Creating online or mobile app guides or resources to help consumers find veg*n-friendly businesses and restaurants in their area, providing information on menus, reviews, and other relevant details.
This category refers to in-person vegan or vegetarian (veg*n) events, vegfests, or other similar events that promote animal-free products and behavioral change.
Expected outcome(s):
- Decreased consumption of animal products
- Increased availability of animal-free products
- Increased engagement in animal advocacy
Examples of interventions:
- Hosting veg*n festivals: Organizing or sponsoring festivals dedicated to plant-based living and animal welfare.
- Veg*n food events: Organizing or sponsoring food events such as veg*n cook-offs, tastings, or pop-up events to promote plant-based eating.
- Veg*n markets: Organizing or sponsoring markets featuring plant-based products, such as food, clothing, and personal care items.
This category refers to running vegan or vegetarian (veg*n) pledges to promote behavioral change.
Expected outcome(s):
- Decreased consumption of animal products
- Increased engagement in animal advocacy
Examples of interventions:
- Promotion of veg*n pledges: Achieving sign-ups to veg*n pledges that encourage individuals to commit to eliminating or reducing their animal product consumption for a specific period of time.
This category refers to providing veterinary care and/or shelter to rescued animals, often in the form of sanctuaries, animal shelters, or vaccination and spay/neutering programs.
Expected outcome(s):
- Direct help
- Increased engagement in animal advocacy
Examples of interventions:
- Provision of veterinary care: Providing medical care to animals in need. This may be through a mobile clinic, a stationary clinic, or partnerships with local veterinarians.
- Operation of animal shelters or sanctuaries: Operating one or more shelters or sanctuaries to provide refuge and care for animals who have been rescued from abusive situations or surrendered by their owners.
- Animal rescue missions: Conducting rescue missions to save animals from immediate danger, such as natural disasters or hoarding situations. This may involve transporting animals to safety, providing emergency medical care, and coordinating with other organizations to ensure proper care and placement of rescued animals.
- Adoption and foster programs: Facilitating adoptions and/or foster placements for animals in an organization’s care. This may include extensive screening of potential adopters/fosters, education on animal care, and ongoing support to ensure the animal’s wellbeing in their new home.
- TNR programs: Implementing Trap-Neuter-Return (TNR) programs to address community cat populations in a humane and effective manner. This may involve trapping cats, spaying/neutering them, providing medical care as needed, and returning them to their original location.