December 2024
Browse Studies By Topic
Alternatives to animal products
Are Argentinians ready for plant-based meat alternatives? A case study on awareness and willingness for consumption
Abstract: Meat alternatives’ popularity is increasing worldwide. Nevertheless, the attitudes and motivations underpinning their adoption still evolve and may differ by region. In Argentina, where meat consumption per capita is among the highest globally, the market for plant-based meat alternatives (PBMAs) is just beginning to develop. Few reports attempt to explain the behavior of the Argentinian population regarding these products. This study explored the knowledge, attitudes, and perceptions of meat analogues and hybrid products through a national online survey (N = 2339). Also, barriers and drivers to their consumption as well as the target segments were identified. Participants were classified as omnivores 73.8%, flexitarians 19.5%, vegetarians 6%, and vegans 0.7%. Despite the significant lack of awareness about PBMAs, there is a strong willingness to adopt them, with females, younger respondents, and those with lower incomes more open to these options. The main drivers for consumption were health concerns, animal welfare, and environmental awareness. Familiarity was a key factor influencing the adoption, as evidenced by the openness of well-informed omnivores. Lack of available options represented the main limitation for consumption and distrust regarding their origin and sensory appeal were the primary reasons for rejection. This study reveals a potential market for PBMAs in Argentina, highlighting that guaranteeing nutritional and sensory quality is crucial. Educating consumers is also essential for their widespread acceptance.
Soteras, T., Szerman, N., Merayo, M., Vaudagna, S. R., Denoya, G. I., Guerrero, L., & Galmarini, M. V. (2024). Are Argentinians ready for plant-based meat alternatives? A case study on awareness and willingness for consumption. Appetite, 107817. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.appet.2024.107817
Cognitive regulation of alternative proteins: Positive reappraisal enhances wanting for insects, plant-based meat analogies, cultured meat, and algae
Abstract: Alternative proteins have attracted increasing attention from researchers and industry. Generally, consumers exhibit reluctance toward accepting alternative proteins. However, the potential of cognitive strategies to enhance consumer acceptance of alternative proteins remains unclear. Drawing on the literature on emotion regulation, we investigated whether emotion-regulation strategies, particularly positive cognitive reappraisal, could increase positive emotions and the wanting for alternative proteins. Across two pre-registered studies, our findings revealed that positive cognitive reappraisal significantly increased the wanting for various alternative proteins, including insects, plant-based meat analogs, cultured meat, and algae compared with looking at the alternative proteins. Additionally, an increase in the wanting for alternative proteins was mediated by an increase in positive emotional responses. In other words, positive cognitive reappraisal (versus looking at alternative proteins) enhances positive emotional responses to alternative proteins, which in turn enhances wanting for alternative proteins. These findings reveal the role of cognitive strategies in enhancing consumer acceptance of alternative proteins and suggest that interventions focusing on positive cognitive reappraisal could effectively increase consumer acceptance of alternative proteins.
Motoki, K., & Qin, Y. (2024). Cognitive regulation of alternative proteins: Positive reappraisal enhances wanting for insects, plant-based meat analogies, cultured meat, and algae. Appetite, 206, 107842. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.appet.2024.107842
Consumer evaluations of commercially available plant-based cheddar cheese alternatives reveal inferior taste, nutrition and emotional appeal
Abstract: Many people in the Western world wish to reduce dietary reliance on animal-based and animal-derived foods. Plant-based (PB) meat and dairy alternatives can aid in this transition, but in the dairy category, only the milk market is well developed. Attention in the present research is, therefore, directed to PB cheese alternatives (PBCA), which were studied relative to dairy cheeses in a consumer taste test (central location setting) with 157 New Zealand (NZ) consumers conducted in 2023. Five commercial semi-hard cheeses from cow’s milk and three commercial PBCAs in the cheddar style were tested. All samples were presented blind, and a multi-response measurement paradigm (hedonic, sensory, emotional, conceptual, situational, attitudinal) was used. Results showed that, without major exception, all PBCAs had lower liking ratings, inferior sensory, emotional and conceptual characterisations and poorer attitudinal and situational use evaluations than their dairy counterparts. Further, all of the PBCAs were rated similarly, as contrasted with the dairy cheese samples, which were differentiated based on textural and flavour attributes, liking and non-sensory characterisations. It was concluded that, as a whole, PBCAs in the 2023 NZ market were poorly accepted by consumers, suggesting that much more research and consumer-focused product development is needed before these products offer consumers suitable choices if they seek to transition from an animal-based to a PB diet.
Jaeger, S. R., Jin, D., Roigard, C. M., & Cardello, A. V. (2025). Consumer evaluations of commercially available plant-based cheddar cheese alternatives reveal inferior taste, nutrition and emotional appeal. Food Research International (Ottawa, Ont.), 200, 115452. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodres.2024.115452
Consumer interest and its effect on purchase intention for plant-based milk substitutes
Abstract: Interest in plant-based milk substitutes has been increasing steadily. This growing demand can be attributed to various factors, including health concerns, environmental awareness, and ethical values. Among the health-related reasons are lactose intolerance and cow’s milk allergy, both of which have become increasingly prevalent worldwide. Additionally, the rising diversity in consumer diets, such as veganism and vegetarianism, has made plant-based milk substitutes a suitable alternative for these groups. Plant-based milk substitutes are suspensions made from various raw materials, such as cereals, pseudo-cereals, legumes, nuts, and seeds, dissolved in water. These products resemble cow’s milk in appearance. In many countries, including Türkiye, the term “milk” is used in a broader sense to refer not only to animal-derived milk but also to plant-based milk-like beverages, which have become more prominent in recent years. The purpose of this study was to investigate the relationship between plant-based milk substitutes, consumer interest in these products, and purchase intention. A total of 400 consumers aged 18 years and older participated in the study, with 392 valid questionnaires included in the analysis. Correlation analysis was conducted to evaluate the relationship between consumer interest and purchase intention, while regression analysis was used to determine the effects of interest on purchase intention. Results of collinearity analyses revealed a positive and significant relationship between consumer interest and purchase intention. Furthermore, the regression analysis demonstrated that consumer interest has a significant impact on purchase intention. It was concluded that as consumer interest increases, purchase intention also rises.
Tavmaşat, T., Göksel Saraç, M., Uğur, U., & Pelincan, Ö. (2024). Consumer interest and its effect on purchase intention for plant-based milk substitutes. Akademik Gıda, 22(4), 282–287. https://doi.org/10.24323/akademik-gida.1609610
Consumer knowledge and willingness pertaining to the adoption of a sustainable diet: A scoping review
Abstract: The current food system is harming both planetary and human health. The shift to a sustainable diet can help alleviate both adverse effects. The aim of this review was to conduct a scoping review of the literature pertaining to consumer knowledge and willingness concerning the adoption of a sustainable diet. A total of 45 papers met the eligibility criteria. Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-analyses Extension for Scoping Reviews (PRISMA-ScR) guidelines were employed to conduct the scoping review. Studies reported that many participants have misconceptions regarding the meaning of a sustainable diet, and their willingness to adopt a sustainable diet was oftentimes low. Evidence also suggests that the lack of knowledge regarding sustainable diets and the reluctance to reduce meat consumption are chief factors hindering the transition to a sustainable diet. Gender imbalance was also evident with females forming the majority of total participants. During the time of the literature search, no studies were conducted in Ireland. Research needs to be conducted in this country, specifically on young consumers, to explore their knowledge and willingness to adopt a sustainable diet. This would provide further insights into the research area of sustainable diets.
Dupuits, C., Mooney, E., & McCloat, A. (2024). Consumer knowledge and willingness pertaining to the adoption of a sustainable diet: A scoping review. Nutrients, 16(24). https://doi.org/10.3390/nu16244254
Consumer perceptions towards five popular alternative proteins: A systematic review across Western and Eastern countries
Abstract: Alternative proteins provide a better way to feed the world(1) and have great potential to support the United Nations’ sustainable development goals in ending hunger, promoting sustainable energy use, protecting the climate, and promoting good health(2). However, consumers’ acceptance of alternative proteins is much lower than that of conventional meat(3). With the alternative protein market consistently growing since 2021(4), it is essential to summarise and update factors affecting consumer acceptance of alternative proteins to inform relevant organisations such as the government and support industry development. Using a systematic review, this study aimed to understand and compare consumers’ acceptance of five popular alternative proteins (algae, pulses, plant-based alternative proteins, insects, and cultured meat) and identify research trends and essential factors influencing consumption of alternative protein foods. Specifically, the study compared familiarity and external factors in consumer acceptance.
Building upon an existing systematic which included studies published by 2020, five electronic databases were searched. This review followed PRISMA guidelines, covering Western and Eastern countries, and articles published between June 2020 and March 2023. A total of 112 articles from 40 countries were included. Following the innovation-decision process framework, factors between alternative protein types, products, and psychological and external variables are compared, and changes over time are identified.
Italy (n = 15), China (n = 13) and the United Kingdom (n = 12) were the top 3 in publication numbers. Surveys (n = 95) were the most used method in the studies. Insects (n = 41) and cultured meat (n = 21) were the most popular. The findings reveal that consumers show moderate acceptance of alternative proteins, but a relatively higher acceptance of food products made with these proteins. Tastiness emerged as the top concern in alternative protein consumption, highlighting the importance of sensory appeal. Environmental benefits plus health beliefs also played a significant role in consumer acceptance. Interventions to illustrate food safety and quality variables correlated to a higher willingness to consume alternative proteins. Food neophobia and diet showed distinguished value in consumer acceptance level. Participants who had experienced eating insects showed significant differences in food neophobia scores, subjective norms, attitudes, and intentions. Meal composition and trust in the chef increased consumers’ willingness to consume. Many studies focused on developing alternative protein food products and determining their appropriateness for consumption in different contexts. Consuming alternative proteins with family or friends with positive emotions was more acceptable to consumers.
Consumers’ different acceptance levels and critical factors of alternative protein consumption illustrated the essentials of focusing more on consumer categorisation. The fast expansion of the global alternative protein market and accelerated study output call for building a more complete standardised management and information supply system.
Dong, S., Benson, T., Nugent, A., & Dean, M. (2024). Consumer perceptions towards five popular alternative proteins: A systematic review across Western and Eastern countries. Proceedings of the Nutrition Society, 83(OCE4). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0029665124005305
Cultivated meat beyond bans: Ten remarks from the Italian case toward a reasoned decision-making process
Abstract: Cultivated meat has become a polarizing topic in the political discourse worldwide. Italy was the first country to pass legislation to ban cellular agriculture products. A thoughtful reflection on this experience reveals the urgent need for rigorous, cross-sectoral research and regulatory diligence for the advancement of the field.
Fino, M. A., Anzà, B., Bairati, L., Bertini, I., Biolatti, B., Biressi, S., Cannizzo, F. T., Cavallarin, L., Conti, L., Deriu, M., Gargioli, C., Loera, B., Lo Sapio, L., Marchisio, D., Pallante, L., Stano, S., Torri, L., Bertero, A., & Massai, D. (2024). Cultivated meat beyond bans: Ten remarks from the Italian case toward a reasoned decision-making process. One Earth, 7(12), 2108–2111. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.oneear.2024.11.002
Cultured meat consumer acceptance: Addressing issues of eco-emotions
Abstract: Meat substitutes, in particular cultured meat, appear to be an effective way of combating climate change, ensuring human and animal welfare, and meeting the challenges of food security. In the face of the climate emergency, we need to speed up the decarbonization of local and national economies and curb populations’ negative emotional responses. Eco-emotions (such as fear) can indeed go so far as to cause disengagement from the environmental transition and hamper action. The aim of this article is to understand and predict, from the perspective of the extended theory of planned behaviour (TPB), (i) consumer intentions and (ii) the determinants of the adoption of cultured meat by introducing two important variables drawn from the literature on eco-emotions, i.e. eco-anger and eco-depression. The results show that, in addition to the traditional TPB variables (attitudes, subjective norms, perceived behavioural control), eco-depression has a significant effect on consumer intentions and the acceptability of cultured meat. This research can help to improve decision-making processes and to effectively predict intentions, acceptability, and purchasing behaviour with regard to cultured meat. Organizations will be able to use this model to propose differentiated marketing techniques, optimize marketing campaigns, and improve citizen engagement.
Kouarfaté, B. B., Durif, F., & Pantin-Sohier, G. (2024). Cultured meat consumer acceptance: Addressing issues of eco-emotions. The Journal of Technology Studies, 15(29), 248–266. https://doi.org/10.29036/jots.v15i29.900
Do ingredients matter? Exploring consumer preference for abstract vs. concrete descriptors of plant-based meat and dairy alternatives
Abstract: It is widely accepted that reducing the consumption of animal-based products bodes well for improving planetary and human health. Plant-based meat and dairy alternatives (PBMDAs) can contribute to this transition. How products are described is an important mechanism in enhancing their appeal. Product descriptors of PBMDAs vary in abstraction, ranging from indicating the absence of animal-based ingredients (e.g., meat-free burger) to identifying the presence of plant-based ingredients (e.g., plant-based burger) to highlighting the primary ingredient (e.g., lentil-based burger). Considering this, the study explored how British consumers (n=1073) rationalise abstract to concrete product descriptors and how this influences appeal, taste, health, and sustainability expectations. Many consumers find PBMDAs most appealing when described with high levels of abstraction, by simply describing the product as meat-or dairy-free. Similarly, the mentioning of explicit ingredients can carry pre-existing connotations. While appeal for PBMDAs differed significantly by abstraction, this variation was less pronounced in taste expectations, and even less so in terms of health and sustainability expectations. This implies that manufacturers can leverage abstract product descriptors for more flexibility in product formulation. Additionally, it helps integrate economical, functional and underused substitutes, including food by-products and novel proteins, which may not otherwise have widespread appeal.
Lieke, S.-D., Erhard, A., & Stetkiewicz, S. (2025). Do ingredients matter? Exploring consumer preference for abstract vs. concrete descriptors of plant-based meat and dairy alternatives. Future Foods, 11, 100522. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fufo.2024.100522
Does sociodemographic strata determine local access to plant-based meat alternatives?
Abstract: People with lower socio-demographic status (SES) tend to have less healthy diets, partly through access and affordability(1). As people are encouraged to reduce their meat consumption as part of a sustainable diet(2), plant-based alternatives to meat are increasingly available. We hypothesised that lower SES populations may not be able to access plant-based meat alternatives (PBMAs) from nearby shops.
A cross-sectional survey of food retailers in Aberdeen, a city of approximately 260,000 people with a wide range of SES, was conducted in 2023. For each decile of the nationally representative Scottish Index of Multiple Deprivation (SMID)(3), a postcode was randomly selected around the centroid of which a 0.5 mile area was identified and all food vendors were visited. All PBMAs (e.g., plant-based sausages, cold cuts and chicken nugget replacements both frozen and chilled) were recorded along with descriptive characteristics of the shop (e.g., size, whether in a chain, proximity to public transport). Separately, to approximate the shopping habits of people in each SIMD decile, Kantar World Panel purchase data for the whole of Scotland (2017-2023) was used to model the proportion of monthly household visits to and spending in different food shops by household SIMD decile using a beta regression with mixed effects for repeated measures (n=3054 households with median 30, IQR 1, 33 monthly observations).
Forty-one retailers were visited and a total of 267 different PBMAs products identified. There was no association between the SIMD decile where a shop was located and the availability of PBMAs. The only statistically significant predictor of PBMAs sale was supermarket size (Chi-squared test, p=0.002) and PBMAs were only available in large or very large supermarkets (n = 12/41). Larger supermarkets tended to be positioned in accessible locations with middling SIMD deciles (4th and 6th), albeit access may be more limited for vulnerable groups who may be less likely to own a car From the household purchase data, there was no statistical difference in the proportion of monthly household spending on food in large supermarkets between SIMD deciles (0.01, 95%CI 0.003,0.022, p = 0.14) and the proportion of visits to large supermarkets was not meaningfully different by SIMD (range 0.33 to 0.39), from which we infer that people from all SIMD deciles could access large supermarkets which stock PMBAs.
We found no evidence to support our hypothesis that access to PBMA was driven by SIMD. Access was limited to large food shops, however, all SIMD deciles use large food retailers and could, in principle buy PBMAs. We do not know, from these data, whether supermarkets are equally used by, or convenient for, consumers from different SIMDs, however,access to PBMAs may not be one of the major barriers for consumers reducing meat consumption.
McBey, D., McCormick, B. J. J., Hussain, M., & Macdiarmid, J. I. (2024). Does sociodemographic strata determine local access to plant-based meat alternatives? Proceedings of the Nutrition Society, 83(OCE4). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0029665124005883
Evaluating consumer confusion: The case of labeling restrictions on plant-based cheese in Türkiye
Abstract: Factory farming causes serious harm to non-human animals, communities, and the planet. The growing plant-based food market presents a vital opportunity to challenge these injustices and drive positive change. Yet this progress is threatened by restrictive labeling laws, such as banning terms like “cheese” or“meat” for plant-based products. These policies, often justified by claims of consumer confusion, lack evidence to prove their effectiveness and risk creating unnecessary barriers to consumer choice and innovation.
To effectively address these challenges, advocacy must be grounded in rigorous research and evidence. In a movement driven by justice and urgency, evidence-based analysis is what empowers us to challenge assumptions, dismantle ineffective policies, and promote solutions that create meaningful, systemic change. Advocacy rooted in research doesn’t stop at identifying problems; it uncovers credible, actionable pathways forward.
This is where causal analysis becomes essential. By distinguishing causation from correlation, we can measure the real impact of labeling practices and assess whether restrictive policies achieve their intended goals. More importantly, this approach allows us to identify effective solutions that reduce confusion, empower consumers, and support the growth of ethical, sustainable food systems.
This white paper marks a decisive step in that direction. Through comprehensive analysis grounded in experimental economics and econometrics, we provide clear insights into how labeling practices influence consumer understanding. Our goal is to equip advocates, policymakers, and industry leaders with the tools they need to make informed, evidence-based decisions.
At Animetrics, we believe in solutions that empower people to make ethical choices, remove unnecessary barriers, and pave the way for a food system that values justice: for non-human animals, for human animals, and for the planet.
This report is not just about understanding the problem; it is about making progress. Let’s use what we know to move forward together; rooted in evidence, committed to change.
Evirgen, F. S., Mirzaoğlu, G., & Kurt, G. (2025). Evaluating consumer confusion: The case of labeling restrictions on plant-based cheese in Türkiye. Animetrics Original Study.
Exploring Chinese consumers’ perception and potential acceptance on meat substitutes: A focus group study and content analysis
Abstract: In recent years, meat alternatives have drawn significant interest from Chinese food science researchers and consumers, sparking much debate. This study uses qualitative research methods, namely focus group interviews with 59 participants in five administrative regions and seven cities in China, to explore consumer knowledge, perceptions, and potential acceptance of meat substitutes. The findings reveal that Chinese consumers generally have a low level of understanding of new meat substitutes, especially animal cell-cultured meat. Although participants recognize the environmental, resource-saving, and animal welfare benefits of meat substitutes, they also express concerns about perceived risks, such as artificial taste, high costs, market monopoly, reduced consumer welfare, and adverse impacts on traditional animal husbandry and employment. Despite the willingness to try meat substitutes, regular purchase and consumption are limited. The acceptance of meat substitutes is affected by factors like personal characteristics, price, safety, and taste authenticity. The study concludes that legislative support, technological advances in production and regulation, price cuts, and the establishment of a strong traceability system may boost consumer confidence and acceptance of meat substitutes in China.
Pareti, M. (2024). Exploring Chinese consumers’ perception and potential acceptance on meat substitutes: A focus group study and content analysis. https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.5039896
Exploring the Big Five personality tendencies of Chinese plant- based meat consumers based meat consumers
Abstract: This article aims to deeply analyze the five personality traits of green consumers and explore how these traits affect their consumption behavior towards plant-based meat products. This research examines the plant-based meat products offered by three well-known online retailers in China’s e-commerce market using a machine learning algorithm and big data model. The study utilizes the BERT model to analyze the personality traits of green consumers. The research results indicate that a majority of plant-based meat consumers are green consumers with open personalities. This study uniquely integrates personality psychology theory with consumer behavior research in online reviews. The research findings offer a fresh perspective on understanding the intrinsic characteristics and behavioral tendencies of green consumers, while also offering valuable insights for green food enterprises to inform future business decisions.
Meimei, L., Shuwen, W., & Chenguang, H. (2024). Exploring the Big Five personality tendencies of Chinese plant- based meat consumers based meat consumers. ICEB 2024 Proceedings.
Food that acts like other food
Abstract: What is the history of animal product substitutes, and why have humans created and consumed them? How long has this practice existed and in which cultures? This history of these novel foods, plant-based protein alternatives, notes a shift over time from predominantly religious to largely secular motives for avoiding meat and dairy. In recent decades plant-based meat and dairy substitutes have grown in number and use, even as Western countries have experienced a decline in organized religion. The impetus behind their production and consumption today is now predominantly secular, rather than religious, specifically environmental and animal welfare issues. This paper charts the transformation of motives and purposes behind the uses of these foods. This historical survey, while not geographically or chronologically exhaustive, is told mainly from a UK/US point of view, two societies with entrenched animal meat and dairy consumption habits. Providing examples from different cultures and periods, it divides the use of plant-based product substitutes into several periods: early to medieval civilizations; nineteenth century Western industrialization; the early twentieth century; late twentieth-century United States; and to conclude, the present day. The historical and cultural contexts provide important perspective on the current proliferation of novel plant-based meat and dairy substitutes.
Bentley, A. (2024). Food that acts like other food. The International Journal of Sociology of Agriculture and Food. https://doi.org/10.48416/ijsaf.v30i2.595
From farms to labs: The new trend of sustainable meat alternatives
Abstract: Meat analogs or meat alternatives mimic conventional meat by using non-meat ingredients. There are several reasons for the rising interest in meat alternatives, e.g., health-consciousness, environmental concerns, and the growing demand for sustainable diets. Factors like low-calorie foods, low-fat, efforts to reduce greenhouse gas emissions, and flexitarian lifestyles are also contributing to this change (conventional to meat analogs). Numerous meat substitutes are presently being launched in alternative meat markets. Plant-based meat, restructured meat, cultured meat, hybrid cultured meat, and insect protein-based meat are prevalent among meat alternatives. The scope of meat alternatives, including plant-based meat, cultured meat, restructured meat, and insect-based protein products, is expanding due to advances in food technology. Innovation in food technology plays a crucial role in sustainable food production. Still, there are some challenges to the market of meat alternatives, including consumer acceptance, the appearance of meat alternatives, and the cost of production. Innovative approaches, such as advanced technologies and awareness of meat alternatives to the meat consumer, are required to deal with these challenges. This review briefly examines the technological advances, regulatory requirements, pros and cons, and market trends of meat alternatives. The finding of this review highlights the importance of meat alternatives as a sustainable resource of food. Moreover, meat alternatives can fulfill the increasing demand for meat and also decrease the environmental impact. Additionally, this review also explores ways to improve the overall market scenario of meat alternatives.
Samad, A., Kim, S.-H., Kim, C.-J., Lee, E.-Y., Kumari, S., Hossain, M. J., Alam, A. N., Muazzam, A., Hwang, Y.-H., & Joo, S.-T. (2025). From farms to labs: The new trend of sustainable meat alternatives. Food Science of Animal Resources, 45(1), 13–30. https://doi.org/10.5851/kosfa.2024.e105
It’s supposed to be real meat” – an analysis of media coverage of the first United States sales approval of cell-cultivated chicken
Abstract: Following the United States Department of Agriculture (USDA) labeling and sale approvals of cell-cultivated chicken in the United States in June 2023, cellular agriculture has received increasing media attention. This study draws from work on the meaning systems of food and utilizes qualitative content analysis to explore the information and information sources used by popular media to cover recent regulatory developments concerning cell-cultivated meat. The results indicate that the media addressed eight themes: cultivated meat as “real” meat, the politics of cultivated meat, the context of ecological damage and growing meat demand in which cultivated meat is understood, benefits of cultivated meat, opposing frames used to characterize cultivated meat as either necessary or unnecessary, technical feasibility of cultivated meat, concerns, and taste experience. Additionally, the results showed that company and industry representatives were the most often quoted, followed by government representatives from the USDA, academics, and restaurant owners/chefs. The findings in this study can be utilized by industry stakeholders, policymakers, and academics to determine what information is currently being communicated to consumers through the media and how this information might be influencing consumers’ perceptions of cell-cultivated meat.
Marquez, A. S., Messer, E., Gerber, S., & Cash, S. (2024). “It’s supposed to be real meat” – an analysis of media coverage of the first United States sales approval of cell-cultivated chicken. https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.5049701
Moving towards novel and sustainable foods: Investigating consumers’ intention to consume algae-based foods in a developing country
Abstract: The world’s growing population is putting immense pressure on natural resources and food security. Algae, as a sustainable and nutrient-rich alternative protein source, have gained attention due to their lower environmental impacts and potential health benefits. However, consumer acceptance remains a key challenge, especially in developing countries where awareness is limited. This study investigates the factors influencing Iranian consumers’ willingness to consume algae-based foods through the Theory of Planned Behavior (TPB). A survey involving 445 respondents from Mashhad, Iran, was conducted, and the data were analyzed using structural equation modeling. The findings reveal that attitude has the strongest influence on consumption intention, followed by food disgust, subjective norms, knowledge, moral norms, and environmental concerns. Attitude also mediates the relationships between the constructs of disgust, moral norms, knowledge, and environmental concerns with consumption intention. Furthermore, the findings indicate that attitude constitutes the fundamental mechanism of the relationship between knowledge, environmental concerns, and intention. On the other hand, moral norms confirm the existence of a relationship between the subjective norms construct and consumption intention, such that moral norms shape the fundamental mechanism of the relationship between subjective norms and attitude, emphasizing the profound influence of moral values in Iranian consumption culture. In contrast, food neophobia did not have a significant impact on consumption intentions, indicating an openness towards dietary innovations among Iranians. This research contributes to the theoretical advancement in this field by identifying the direct, indirect, and total effects of the extended Theory of Planned Behavior components on the decision to consume algae or algae-containing foods. Practically, the findings from this study can provide guidance for effective introduction and promotion strategies of algae-based food products in emerging markets.
Bahraseman, S. E., Dehghani Dashtabi, M., Karbasi, A., Firoozzare, A., Boccia, F., & Hosseinzadeh Nazeri, Z. (2024). Moving Towards Novel and Sustainable Foods: Investigating Consumers’ Intention to Consume Algae-Based Foods in a Developing Country. Appetite, 107801. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.appet.2024.107801
Overcoming the flavour and textural/rheological problems of plant-based cheese alternatives: Challenges and solution strategies
Abstract: The interest in plant-based cheese alternatives (PCAs) is rapidly increasing due to factors such as the rapidly growing world population, difficulties in accessing food, environmental issues, climate change, food shortages and changes in consumer diets. The aim of this review is to highlight the current state of PCAs, highlight the challenges and present approaches and proposed solutions to overcome these challenges. In this regard, the topic is essentially discussed under two main headings. I-Texture/Rheology and II-Flavour properties. PCAs should not only have a similar nutritional profile to dairy cheeses, but also resemble them in flavour, texture and appearance. Examining the studies, it is observed that these products have made significant progress in terms of the desired structural properties (meltability, viscoelastic behaviour, emulsification.) and many problems have been overcome. However, the same cannot be said for flavour. Unfortunately, the flavour of PCAs is not at the desired level and some solutions have been offered to overcome this problem. Two ways have been proposed to improve the palatability of PCAs. The first is the addition of external flavourings (flavouring agents or herbs, spices and condiments) in addition to the unique inherent flavour of the plant. Another is the formation and removal of flavour compounds through biochemical changes through fermentation. For this purpose, microorganisms and external enzymes can be used. The review presents the current state of play, new perspectives and approaches to solving texture and flavour problems in plant-based cheeses.
Tekin, A., & Hayaloğlu, A. A. (2025). Overcoming the flavour and textural/rheological problems of plant-based cheese alternatives: Challenges and solution strategies. Future Foods, 11, 100531. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fufo.2024.100531
This is MY Earth: Hybrid meat’s impact on psychological ownership
Abstract: Across two experimental studies, we examine the role of psychological ownership of the Earth and it’s anthropomorphosis on hybrid meat purchase intentions as the result of proximal and distal message framing. Study 1 revealed that proximal (vs. distal) message framing (e.g., “Help take care of your (vs. the) Earth”) significantly increased psychological ownership and purchase intentions compared to distal framing. Study 2 extended these findings by introducing anthropomorphism (e.g., a smiling Earth). We found that introducing anthropomorphism led to similar effects on psychological ownership and purchase intention levels, regardless of framing. Yet psychological ownership of the Earth, due to message framing and anthropomorphism, did not play a mediating role on higher purchase intentions. Our study provides theoretical contributions to psychological ownership and construal level theory, while offering further insights for marketers by emphasizing distal framing and when to use anthropomorphism in environmental messaging for hybrid products.
Casper Ferm, L.-E., & Nguyen, M. (2024). This is MY Earth: Hybrid meat’s impact on psychological ownership. Appetite, 107827. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.appet.2024.107827
Unveiling consumer perspectives of plant-based meats: Insights from a comprehensive review of the literature
Abstract: This article offers a comprehensive analysis of consumers’ perspectives towards plant-based meats, utilizing insights derived from a systematic literature review (SLR). The primary objective is to identify the specific areas of focus in studies pertaining to plant-based meats that address consumer preferences, as well as the prevailing methodologies employed in those studies. To accomplish this objective, the authors conducted a rigorous systematic literature review (SLR) adhering to established guidelines and employing quality assessment parameters for a set of eighteen selected studies. The findings of this SLR bring 18 primary works that deal with acceptance, barriers, environmental concern, and brand preference, among other aspects related to the consumer. Regarding the research methods most used in studies, some research uses the qualitative method, but predominantly the quantitative method is found. By synthesizing the findings of rigorous and high-quality peer-reviewed articles, this study offers insights that have the potential to advance the field. The derived insights not only contribute to the formulation of strategies aimed at enhancing consumer acceptance of plant-based meats but also hold promise in addressing the critical issue of reducing animal meat consumption and mitigating the associated negative environmental impacts.
dos Santos, J. I. A. S., Pinheiro, A. B., Prado, P. H. M., & da Costa, M. F. (2024). Unveiling consumer perspectives of plant-based meats: Insights from a comprehensive review of the literature. Sustainability, 16(24), 10836. https://doi.org/10.3390/su162410836
What do consumers want in a local and sustainable plant-based product? Findings from co-creation workshops on the island of Ireland
Abstract: The production and consumption of food has a significant impact on our environment, with 2030% of consumption impact on the environment relating directly to food and drink(1–3). One method of reducing this is to diversify protein intake e.g. reducing meat consumption in favour of more sustainable products. While the use of plant proteins is to be encouraged, on the island of Ireland this still has challenges(4). There is therefore a need to diversify protein intake on the island of Ireland through products which are both sustainable and local.
Using co-creation methods, this study aimed to understand what consumers want as sustainable and local plant-based products. Specifically, the study focused on oat, wheat, barley, rye, and pea. Co-creation puts consumers at the heart of product development, ensuring their ideas are understood from the beginning, thus leading to greater acceptance and potential for product success. Four workshops plus a follow-up workshop (n=38: 21 female, 17 male, age range 22-80 years old) were held across Belfast and Dublin to understand consumers’ wants for a sustainable and local alternative protein product. Workshops discussed factors influencing food purchasing, current sustainability issues, and strategies to shift to a sustainable diet. Key co-creation tasks included drawing a local and sustainable product based on any (or any combination) of the 5 specified ingredients. Discussions were transcribed and initial findings using content analysis are presented.
For products made by participants through co-creation, pea was a popular ingredient, with the top 3 highest rating products based on pea. Products containing oats and wheat were also popular. Product types varied and included main meals (plant-based burgers, pastas etc.), snacks (crackers, crisps etc.), and drinks (milks and meal replacements). While popular in the main workshops, consumers in the follow-up workshop who were tasked with reviewing the products created in the other workshops, largely rejected pea-based products due to taste. The highest rated products were a bolognese product made with pea and barley, porridge oats, and wheat and barley pasta.
These findings corroborate wider research findings that taste is vital in new product development. Basic products based on similar products already on the market ranked high, in line with findings that familiarity is a key driver of acceptance of alternative proteins. Future research should use these findings to gauge the popularity and acceptance of these products at a wider level.
Benson, T., Nugent, A., & Dean, M. (2024). What do consumers want in a local and sustainable plant-based product? Findings from co-creation workshops on the island of Ireland. Proceedings of the Nutrition Society, 83(OCE4). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0029665124005688
Animal product consumption
Appetite for Ignorance: Does eating meat cause information avoidance about its harms?
Abstract: Meat consumption is associated with environmental and animal-welfare harms, and many people consume more than is healthy. Past research has shown that conflicted consumers manage their beliefs in a variety of domains. We test whether eating meat affects people’s preferences for information about the environmental, animal-welfare, and health harms of meat, as well as the alleged environmental benefits of animal agriculture. Our findings are mixed. Eating beef causes information avoidance about the environmental effects of cattle, and eating pork causes people to avoid information about the health effects of pork. Other results were not significant. We interpret these mixed results as suggesting that eating meat causes information avoidance, but the effects are nuanced as they are meat-specific and topic-specific. This project combines the independent explorations of two teams regarding the same research question. The joint conclusion reached differs from the initial independent conclusions. Consequently, this paper also serves as a case study about the sensitivity of scientific interpretation to experimental design.
Droz, B., Buechel, B., Capra, C. M., Chen, X., Park, S.-G., Nassar, A., Xu, J., Zhang, S., & Tasoff, J. (2024). Appetite for Ignorance: Does eating meat cause information avoidance about its harms? https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.5052595
Determinants of meat consumption: Applying the expanded Theory of Planned Behaviour in Latvia
Abstract: Meat consumption has come under scrutiny due to its significant ecological footprint. Understanding the determinants of meat consumption is crucial for designing effective interventions to promote sustainable diets. Thus, using results from the representative survey conducted in Latvia, in 2023 and by applying the factor analysis and generalized linear regression, this research aims to explore the most influential determinants of meat consumption behaviours within the framework of the extended Theory of Planned Behaviour. The results showed that the level of red and white meat consumption is rather equal and people eat meat in moderation. The regression analysis revealed that attitudes towards a sustainable diet together with information provision significantly and negatively influenced red and white meat consumption. Meanwhile, the interaction between the attitudes towards consequences of meat consumption and information provision insignificantly affected the frequency of these meats’ consumption. Referring to the social sphere, it negatively influenced the frequency of red meat consumption, but insignificantly white meat consumption. When considering the perceived behavioural control, it significantly and positively influenced meat consumption. According to socio-demographic variables, income level is the most important factor for white and red meat consumption. Gender insignificantly influenced the frequency of red meat consumption. Meanwhile, women were more linked to consuming white meat more frequently than men. The impact of age was insignificant for both types of meat consumption. Therefore, this study provides valuable insights for policymakers, educators, and stakeholders aiming to promote sustainable dietary practices and reduce red and white meat consumption.
Liobikienė, G., & Brizga, J. (2025). Determinants of meat consumption: Applying the expanded Theory of Planned Behaviour in Latvia. Cleaner and Responsible Consumption, 16, 100247. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.clrc.2024.100247
Food and sustainability: Meat consumption and vegetarianism in Brazil and the United Kingdom
Abstract: There is a growing literature on meat consumption and reduced meat diets, given the negative impacts of meat on the environment. However, much of the literature has focussed on global North countries, limiting cross-cultural generalisability and overlooking the role of cultural differences in motivating food choices. The present paper provides a cross-cultural comparison of the motivations for meat consumption and vegetarianism in Brazil and the United Kingdom. This was done by conducting a total of 63 semi-structured interviews with meat-eaters, vegetarians, and vegans in Brazil (n = 41) and the UK (n = 22). The data was analysed thematically and the findings were compared across the participant samples. The findings showed that meat consumption was similarly motivated and justified in each country through the 4 N’s of justification for meat consumption. However, participants’ experiences of reducing meat consumption varied between the two countries, influenced by distinct motivations, aversions, and constraints. In the UK, price served as a motivation for choosing meatless meals, whereas in Brazil it acted as a constraint to reducing meat consumption. Additionally, in the UK, disgust was identified as a significant aversion particularly towards eating parts of meat that visibly resembled the animal of origin — a sentiment not observed in the Brazilian sample. Lastly, while environmental concerns were not a primary reason for adopting a plant-based diet in either country, they often became a significant motivator for maintaining it after dietary change.
Wolstenholme, E., Duarte, T. R., Teixeira, T. R., Whitmarsh, L., & Poortinga, W. (2024). Food and sustainability: Meat consumption and vegetarianism in Brazil and the United Kingdom. Sustentabilidade Em Debate, 15(3), 131–146. https://doi.org/10.18472/SustDeb.v15n3.2024.55739
Spaghetti Bolognese without the mince: Analysis of meat in UK meal structures
Abstract: Climate change is strongly linked to production of livestock(1,2) and national recommendations are to reduce meat consumption, especially ruminant meat(2), as part of a more sustainable diet. However, this recommendation in isolation is no guarantee that diets would be healthy or have lower greenhouse gas emissions because foods are eaten within the context of meals and a wider diet. In this study the role of meat within the context of UK meals was examined to understand the potential knock-on consequences for meal structures.
Cross-sectional dietary intake data from UK National Diet and Nutrition Surveys(3) (2008- 2019) were analysed to compare the composition of 287,719 eating occasions. Mixed-effects logistic and gamma regressions models were used to determine the likelihood of consumption and, when eaten, the quantity consumed of selected food groups based on the coincidence of other foods in the meal. Models adjusted for age (1.5 ≤ years ≤ 96), gender, and time of day in addition to a random intercept for participants.
Of the eating occasions examined, 30% contained meat, rising to 42% for evening meals (5pm to 8pm). Meats were a significant determinant of the type of starchy foods within a meal, for example the likelihood of pasta was higher with beef (OR 1.06 (95% CI 1.04, 1.07) per z-score change in beef in the meal) than poultry (OR 0.87 (0.85, 0.87)) whereas rice was more likely to be eaten with chicken (OR 1.44 (1.42, 1.46)) than beef (OR 1.06 (1.04, 1.08)). The likelihood of potatoes in a meal increased with all meats, but the likelihood of bread was lower in meals containing meat, except for bacon and ham (OR 1.30 (1.30, 1.33)). The presence of meat, of almost any type, in a meal was predictive of vegetables in the meal. On average the quantity of meat increased the quantity of vegetables in the meal by approximately 11.2% (95% CI 9.5, 12.8), 8.7% (6.0, 11.4), 8.1% (5.5, 10.8), and 3.9% (2.7, 5.2)% per 100g increase of beef, lamb, pork, and poultry respectively.
Recommendations to reduce meat consumption must consider the wider impact on the whole diet as meals are restructured. Observed meals indicate the combinations of foods currently consumed, and how people may change eating patterns if they reduce meat consumption. The consequence of reducing meat in meals may change the choice of starchy elements. Switching from beef to poultry would likely increase rice consumption and reduce use of potatoes and pasta, attenuating the net reduction in emissions. However, since meat was positively predictive of the presence and quantity of vegetable in meals, reducing meat content may, in the short term, have negative implications for public health as people restructure meals.
McCormick, B. J. J., McBey, D., Horgan, G. W., & Macdiarmid, J. I. (2024). Spaghetti Bolognese without the mince: Analysis of meat in UK meal structures. Proceedings of the Nutrition Society, 83(OCE4). https://doi.org/10.1017/S002966512400675X
Animal welfare
Animal abuse investigations: challenges and recommendations to improve animal and human welfare
Abstract: Animal cruelty is widespread, yet it is often overlooked by professionals as a form of trauma and not perceived as a serious crime. This study explores current challenges to the effective management of animal abuse and neglect cases in the state of Colorado, USA, to better understand systemic barriers and their impact on those involved, and offers concrete, practical suggestions for improvement. Interviews with 24 law enforcement and Bureau of Animal Protection (BAP) agents/staff were conducted, and an integrated thematic analysis method was utilized to inductively analyze participants’ responses to interview questions. The most common barriers to addressing animal cruelty cases identified by law enforcement/BAP personnel included (1) a lack of places to take removed animals and resources to care for them; (2) challenges working with the district attorney’s office; (3) a general lack of knowledge and training on how to address cases and the documentation required; and (4) insufficient enforcement personnel to conduct investigations and conduct required follow-up. Suggested changes include expansion of temporary housing options, additional training, expert investigators and social workers/mental health professionals, and possible amendments to state statutes. In addition, the use of a trauma-informed model is recommended to best meet the psychological needs of all those involved in animal welfare work.
Niemiec, R., & Kogan, L. R. (2024). Animal abuse investigations: challenges and recommendations to improve animal and human welfare. Animals : An Open Access Journal from MDPI, 14(24). https://doi.org/10.3390/ani14243602
Are slow-growing broiler chickens actually better for animal welfare? Shining light on a poultry welfare concern using a farm-scale economic model
Abstract:
It remains unclear whether slow-growing broilers actually represent an overall animal welfare improvement – a major knowledge gap for policymakers and animal welfare NGOs. This paper addresses this knowledge gap by using an economic model to produce an all-things-considered estimate of the welfare effects of slow-growing genotypes. A quantitative end-point welfare metric that accounts for welfare challenges throughout the production cycle used the Pain-Track method from the Cumulative Pain Framework.
Longer lifespans of slow-growing broilers (relative to fast-growing broilers) typically caused an increase in the time spent in low-intensity negative affective states. However, despite the additional broilers being farmed and their longer growth period, switching to slow-growing genotypes caused a decrease in higher-intensity negative affective states – a major win for welfare.
These results can be used to alleviate consumer and producer concerns that any transition causes a welfare risk and provide an optimistic understanding of the overall welfare impact of transitioning to slow-growing broilers.
Khire, I., & Ryba, R. (2025). Are slow-growing broiler chickens actually better for animal welfare? Shining light on a poultry welfare concern using a farm-scale economic model. British Poultry Science, 1–9. https://doi.org/10.1080/00071668.2024.2432926
Behavioral responses of cows and goats during slaughtering for Eid Al-Adha: A field study in Surakarta
Abstract: This study aims to observe and analyze the response and behavior of cows and goats during the slaughter process of sacrificial animals on Eid al-Adha 1445H in Surakarta, Indonesia. The study focuses on the various stages of slaughter, from transportation, placement, slaughter process, to post slaughter handling, with the aim of improving the welfare of animals through a better understanding of their behavior under these conditions. The research method used is a qualitative approach by conducting participatory observations, in-depth interviews, and visual documentation (photos and videos) at several slaughter sites in Surakarta. Research participants include slaughtering officers, qurbani organizers, veterinary experts, and the surrounding community. The data were analyzed thematically to identify the behavior patterns and responses of animals and the factors that influence them. The object of the study consisted of cows and goats prepared for qurban. The study found that cows that were transported and treated gently showed lower levels of stress than those who were treated roughly. Cows tend to exhibit aggressive behavior when they feel threatened. Goats, on the other hand, are quicker to show signs of stress and agitation during transportation and placement, but tend to be less aggressive than cows. The study results indicate that quick and Islamic slaughter techniques, the use of sharp and clean tools, and gentle handling by personnel can reduce animal stress and aggression. A calm and orderly environment also helps alleviate animal anxiety during the slaughtering process. Similarly, the reactions of other animals near the slaughter site show signs of anxiety, affirming that animals can perceive the distress of their peers. These findings emphasize that slaughter practices aligned with Islamic ethics enhance animal welfare through swift slaughter and stress minimization, impacting meat quality, ethical compliance, and consumer satisfaction positively. The novelty or originality of this study lies in its holistic approach, encompassing all stages of sacrificial animal slaughter and focusing on two commonly used species, cows and goats. This research makes a significant contribution by providing practical recommendations to improve the welfare of sacrificial animals, taking into account technical and behavioral aspects specific to each species. The practical implications of these findings include the need for training slaughter personnel to understand procedures in accordance with Islamic principles and animal welfare standards. Slaughterhouses must be equipped with animal-friendly facilities to reduce stress. Additionally, strict supervision should be implemented to ensure compliance, resulting in high-quality meat and supporting the global halal industry’s ethical standards.
Muthoifin, Afiyah, I., & Nuha. (2024). Behavioral responses of cows and goats during slaughtering for Eid Al-Adha: A field study in Surakarta. Journal of Animal Behaviour and Biometeorology, 12(4), 2024034. https://doi.org/10.31893/jabb.2024034
Biometric identification in animals and improvement of welfare
Abstract: Biometric identification technologies are powerful tools used to identify animals by utilizing their unique physical characteristics. Various biometric methods such as muzzle print recognition, retina scanning, facial recognition, iris scanning, and DNA analysis have become widely used in recent years for identifying and tracking animals. Unlike older technologies such as tattooing, branding, and ear tagging, which can cause harm and discomfort to animals, these technologies can be applied without causing damage or discomfort. Biometric identification technologies, which can be implemented without disrupting the natural behaviors of animals and reducing their stress, require minimal intervention and allow animals to maintain their normal lives. This, in turn, ensures the welfare of animals while making monitoring and management processes more effective. Biometric identification technologies are also of great importance for the health and safety of animals. The use of these technologies is vital for early detection of disease outbreaks, finding lost or stolen animals, and increasing security measures on farms. This not only enhances animal welfare but also has positive effects on human health. In conclusion, biometric identification technologies are important tools for enhancing animal welfare and effectively monitoring and managing them. Ethical and humane use of these technologies preserves animal welfare and adds value to applications in the agriculture and livestock industries.
Cihan, P. (2024). Biometric identification in animals and improvement of welfare. 3rd International Conference on Engineering, Natural and Social Sciences.
Bad welfare and comfort of dairy farms
Abstract: This paper explores the critical issue of poor animal welfare and lack of comfort on modern dairy farms. It examines how substandard housing conditions, improper handling practices, and inadequate management can negatively impact the physical and psychological well-being of dairy cows. The paper
highlights the importance of prioritizing cow comfort through improvements to barn design, quality of bedding, and access to necessary resources like feed, water, and space. It emphasizes the need for robust staff training, clear standard operating procedures, and effective government oversight to ensure dairy cows receive appropriate care and are not subjected to unnecessary distress or suffering. The ultimate goal is to provide evidence-based recommendations that can help the dairy industry enhance the overall welfare and comfort of their animals. Achieving this will not only improve productivity and profitability, but also strengthen public perception and the long-term sustainability of dairy farming practices. Addressing the welfare and comfort deficiencies on dairy farms is a critical step towards more ethical and responsible animal agriculture.
Belay, T. (2024). Bad welfare and comfort of dairy farms. Austin Journal of Veterinary Science & Animal Husbandry.
Impact of automation level of dairy farms in northern and central Germany on dairy cattle welfare
Abstract: An increasing number of automation technologies for dairy cattle farming, including automatic milking, feeding, manure removal and bedding, are now commercially available. The effects of these technologies on individual aspects of animal welfare have already been explored to some extent. However, as of now, there are no studies that analyze the impact of increasing farm automation through various combinations of these technologies. The objective of this study was to examine potential correlations between welfare indicators from the Welfare Quality® Assessment protocol and dairy farms with varying degrees of automation. To achieve this, 32 trial farms in Northern and Central Germany were categorized into varying automation levels using a newly developed classification system. The Welfare Quality® Assessment protocol was used to conduct welfare assessments on all participating farms. Using analysis of variance (ANOVA), overall welfare scores and individual measures from the protocol were compared across farms with differing automation levels. No significant differences were observed in overall welfare scores, suggesting that the impact of automation does not exceed other farm-related factors influencing animal wellbeing, such as housing environment or management methods. However, significant effects of milking, feeding, and bedding systems on the appropriate behavior of cattle were observed. Higher levels of automation had a positive impact on the human–animal relationship and led to positive emotional states. Moreover, farms with higher automation levels had significantly lower scores for the prevalence of severe lameness and dirtiness of lower legs. It could be concluded that a higher degree of automation could help to improve animal welfare on dairy farms.
Lavrijsen-Kromwijk, L., Demba, S., Müller, U., & Rose, S. (2024). Impact of automation level of dairy farms in northern and central Germany on dairy cattle welfare. Animals : An Open Access Journal from MDPI, 14(24). https://doi.org/10.3390/ani14243699
Mind the step: An artificial intelligence-based monitoring platform for animal welfare
Abstract: We present an artificial intelligence (AI)-enhanced monitoring framework designed to assist personnel in evaluating and maintaining animal welfare using a modular architecture. This framework integrates multiple deep learning models to automatically compute metrics relevant to assessing animal well-being. Using deep learning for AI-based vision adapted from industrial applications and human behavioral analysis, the framework includes modules for markerless animal identification and health status assessment (e.g., locomotion score and body condition score). Methods for behavioral analysis are also included to evaluate how nutritional and rearing conditions impact behaviors. These models are initially trained on public datasets and then fine-tuned on original data. We demonstrate the approach through two use cases: a health monitoring system for dairy cattle and a piglet behavior analysis system. The results indicate that scalable deep learning and edge computing solutions can support precision livestock farming by automating welfare assessments and enabling timely, data-driven interventions.
Michielon, A., Litta, P., Bonelli, F., Don, G., Farisè, S., Giannuzzi, D., Milanesi, M., Pietrucci, D., Vezzoli, A., Cecchinato, A., Chillemi, G., Gallo, L., Mele, M., & Furlanello, C. (2024). Mind the step: An artificial intelligence-based monitoring platform for animal welfare. Sensors (Basel, Switzerland), 24(24). https://doi.org/10.3390/s24248042
Mobile application for reporting animal abuse
Abstract: The growing concern for animal welfare and rights underscores the importance of institutions dedicated to combating crimes against animals. As society becomes more aware of the ethical treatment of animals, these institutions play a crucial role in enforcing laws, raising awareness, and promoting animal welfare. Aiming to create a tool that helps in the registration and diagnosis of cases of animal abuse, the purpose of this work was to develop an application that can be used by agencies that act fighting crimes against fauna. Thus, the Federal University of Parana signed a contract with the company Scipet Soluções de Inovação Tecnológica LTDA, to develop an application that can be used in the monitoring of reports of animal abuse. The application “Denúncia Animal” was developed in the year 2021 and has features both for the registration of occurrences, including data from the complaint and data from the animal victim, and for the diagnosis of abuse based on the “Protocol for expert report on animal welfare in case of companion animal cruelty suspicion” (Hammerschmidt & Molento, 2014), the integration of a photographic record of animals and documentation generated during inspections can significantly enhance the efficiency of inspection. The application is in the initial phase of testing by municipal enforcement agencies and its use provides these agencies convenience for recording information at the time of inspections and organization of data relating to reports of cases of abuse on a single platform, which may allow centralization of all data on crimes against fauna in a single database, enabling both municipal and state agencies to act in an integrated manner can lead to increased efficiency and effectiveness in public administration.
Wolf, L. R., Piva, F., & Garcia, R. de C. M. (2024). Mobile application for reporting animal abuse. Brazilian Journal of Veterinary Research and Animal Science, 61, e218092. https://doi.org/10.11606/issn.1678-4456.bjvras.2024.218092
Perspectives of dairy farmers on positive welfare opportunities for dairy cows in Ontario, Canada
Abstract: Positive experiences offer opportunities to improve the experiences of animals through positive affect, beyond the absence of negative experiences such as illness or pain. The objective of this study was to describe the perspectives of dairy farmers regarding positive welfare opportunities for dairy cows and calves. Five focus groups were held with dairy farmers (n = 27) in Ontario, Canada. Audio recordings of the discussions were transcribed verbatim, and applied thematic analysis was used to analyze the data. Participants initially focused discussion on pasture access, cow-calf contact, and group housing of calves. Two themes were identified from the data: 1) tacit expertise of farmers and 2) influences on farmer choice. Participants invoked their expertise and had conflicting opinions on how various positive opportunities could affect cattle health and welfare. There were divergent views when discussing dairy farming in general. However, when speaking specifically about their own farm, participants were reluctant to implement positive opportunities, citing risks of decreased milk production and avoidable health problems. Autonomy to choose which positive opportunities best suited farm-specific management and financial situations was preferred to regulation. Finally, participants prioritized minimizing negative experiences for cows and calves but maintained aspects of positive welfare (e.g., described as happy, content, or autonomy) as important characteristics of a cow’s life.
Brunt, M. W., Ritter, C., LeBlanc, S. J., & Kelton, D. F. (2024). Perspectives of dairy farmers on positive welfare opportunities for dairy cows in Ontario, Canada. Frontiers in Animal Science, 5. https://doi.org/10.3389/fanim.2024.1493796
Pig Watch Report 2024
Abstract: Pig Watch is an annual report produced by Alianima to monitor the transition of food companies with public commitments to ban gestation crates in the Brazilian pork industry. It also aims to monitor the use of antimicrobials by this industry and assess improvements in piglet handling.
The publication of results promotes transparency between the food industry and the final consumer, in addition to helping identify difficulties faced behind the scenes of the sector.
This report is not only intended for the sustainability departments of companies and industries in the sector, but is also addressed to conscious consumers concerned with both the origin of their food and the welfare of pigs in factory farming.
Alianima. (2024). Pig Watch Report 2024 | 5th edition. https://observatoriosuino.com.br/en/
Recognition of animal pain
Abstract: Animal pain and suffering is mostly caused by humans, particularly by the human use of domestic animals. This calls for the recognition of animal pain and suffering. My focus is on pain-related suffering. I argue for recognition in the phenomenological sense of giving adequate regard to pain experience in animals and their capacity to express it in their own species-specific terms, in a way that will motivate us to prevent it. My advocacy for the recognition of pain in animals consequently includes a consideration of moral and political action to avert their suffering.
Olivier, A. (2024). Recognition of animal pain. Theoria, 71(181), 136–160. https://doi.org/10.3167/th.2024.7118108
Strategies to improve chicken welfare through enhanced free range systems
Abstract: n/a
Gadzama, I. (2024). Strategies to improve chicken welfare through enhanced free range systems. Strategies.
The science of animal welfare in the One Health-One Welfare agenda: Local solutions for global challenges
Abstract: In recent years, the importance of working holistically on the global One Health and One Welfare agendas has become evident. The success of these policies in addressing shared challenges depends on a science-based global strategy for animal welfare that allows local efforts to resolve conflicts related to how human beings take advantage of natural resources, including domestic and wild animals. These policies need to be developed jointly by the World Organisation for Animal Health, the World Health Organization and the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations and in line with the United Nations’ Sustainable Development Goals. They should be based on scientific evidence, gathered from existing information and through transdisciplinary research, to quantify synergies and trade-offs between environmental, social, economic and animal welfare criteria. This approach will make it possible to articulate and implement local policies and solutions associating animal welfare with efficient and sustainable livestock production, biodiversity conservation and disease prevention, mitigation of greenhouse gas emissions and climate change, economic and rural development, biomedical research based on ethical principles, and responsible animal ownership.
Galindo, F., Marchant, J. N., & Tadich, T. A. (2024). The science of animal welfare in the One Health-One Welfare agenda: Local solutions for global challenges. Revue Scientifique et Technique (International Office of Epizootics), Special Edition, 129–140. https://doi.org/10.20506/rst.SE.3567
Using animal welfare framing as an effective approach to communicating climate change: A review
Abstract:
Introduction: Climate change and its effects continue to threaten the stability of environments worldwide, impacting nearly every species. Although framing is an established technique in climate communication science, little has been done in communicating the climate change effects from an animal welfare perspective.
Objectives: The primary objective of this article is to present the synthesis of evidence in existing literature on the effects of communicating climate change as an animal welfare issue.
Methods: A systematic approach was taken based on the PRISMA (Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic reviews and Meta-Analyses) scoping review guidelines and utilizing a hybridized ProPheT-PICOS Model with modifications. Using search strings, scholarly databases within the Web of Science platform were systematically searched for English-language climate change literature that included animal welfare concepts. Articles were imported into Covidence and inclusion and exclusion criteria were then used to select articles for further analysis.
Results: Of an initial 4080 studies, only two papers were identified that used animal welfare framing to discuss climate change based on the inclusion/exclusion criteria.
Conclusion: Further research should attempt to understand and approach framing climate change concerning current understanding by geographic location and culture to close research gaps and mitigate bias in the context of climate change and its effects on animal welfare.
Kramer, C., Page, J. R., Flint, J., & Flint, M. (2025). Using animal welfare framing as an effective approach to communicating climate change: A review. Veterinary Medicine and Science, 11(1), e70154. https://doi.org/10.1002/vms3.70154
Aquatic animal welfare
A case study on the effect of aquaculture operations on the physiology and behaviour of Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) during two heat events on a commercial farm
Abstract: Aquaculture farms represent a complex 3D environment and face regular seasonal challenges such as acute and chronically elevated temperatures during summer. Further, fish are exposed to the interaction between their environment and farm operations, which can cause challenging conditions. In the context of modern net-pen aquaculture and ocean warming, there is therefore a need to understand the welfare of these commercially important species under the realistic conditions they encounter. Fish were tagged with two types of biologgers measuring temperature, heart rate, external acceleration, and depth of fish as they experienced standard aquaculture operations over two periods of thermal stress, one short-term and one long-term. The fish response during the thermal stress events was compared with the periods preceding and following both events, and an additional analysis was carried out to further explore the effects of feeding and farm operations. Fish displayed signs of both secondary and potentially tertiary stress in response to the short- and long-term heat event and both heart rate and acceleration increased in response to feeding but displayed a more nuanced response to operations. As part of the broader concept of precision fish farming, this research, based on data from 7 individual fish, represents a case study that presents the potential use of biologgers as tools for recognising early signs of stress by observing the secondary stress response, thereby demonstrating the potential for informed and timely stress identification to guide farm management decisions to enhance fish welfare and production efficiency in commercial aquaculture.
Korus, J., Filgueira, R., & Grant, J. (2024). A case study on the effect of aquaculture operations on the physiology and behaviour of Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) during two heat events on a commercial farm. Frontiers in Aquaculture, 3. https://doi.org/10.3389/faquc.2024.1428684
A design proposal and pilot study for addressing welfare in health monitoring practices in commercial fish farms
Abstract: This paper presents a number of designs and the findings of a pilot study aimed at investigating the behavioral responses of striped bass to appetitive and aversive stimuli within a system prototype for more ethical fish measuring and health monitoring. In contrast to many existing commercial practices, the pilot study uses non-invasive techniques such as computer vision to determine fish length. When fully implemented, these methods would not require fish to be handled or removed from the water. Preliminary results indicate that striped bass interact with our system in the desired manner in response to both appetitive and aversive stimuli, validating the methods and design principles that are used in the proposed designs. We discuss the design from perspectives of technical feasibility and ethics. An in-depth analysis of the design’s interface is performed and its impact on fish welfare is explored through multiple lenses to ensure responsible implementation in fish farming environments.
Raposo, A., Brock, J., Abel, A., Frinsko, M., & Roberts, D. L. (2024). A design proposal and pilot study for addressing welfare in health monitoring practices in commercial fish farms. Proceedings of the International Conference on Animal-Computer Interaction, 1–13. https://doi.org/10.1145/3702336.3702350
Climate change and sustainability
Legume consumption and sustainability – The minority goes green
Abstract: The current food systems and the dominating dietary patterns in most EU countries contribute to climate change and are not sustainable. Legumes have the potential to make consumption patterns more sustainable, especially if they come from local or organic production systems. Yet, legume consumption in Germany is low. Thus, this study aimed to increase legume consumption, understand consumer preferences for organic and local production in relation to the processing level, and provide marketing recommendations for different target groups. An online survey including an information display matrix was conducted with 1300 participants from Germany. Preferences for locally and organically produced lentils were identified by search depth and order and a multinomial logistic regression analysis. A latent class cluster analysis (LCA) identified five consumer segments relevant to legume consumption based on psychographics. Results showed a preference for local and organic lentils, regardless of the processing level of the product. Of the five consumer segments, two segments (accounting for 55 %) were rather price-sensitive with a low legume and high meat consumption. Another two segments (23 %) were sustainably-oriented and one segment had a strong preference for cooking. Concluding, there is a potential to market local and organic legumes, however, only for the sustainably-oriented consumers. Hence, for now, legumes remain a niche product in Germany. For a significant increase in legume consumption, also consumers’ awareness has to increase: for the environment, health, and the environmental impact of meat consumption.
Hueppe, R., & Zander, K. (2024). Legume consumption and sustainability – The minority goes green. Appetite, 107831. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.appet.2024.107831
The carbon cost of impaired welfare on sheep farms
Abstract: In the face of global climate threats, farm and land-management decisions must balance climate concerns with profitability, animal welfare, and ecosystem health. However, few comprehensive studies have quantified the relationship between animal welfare and greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions, and no study focuses specifically on sheep farms. The present study aims to quantify the effects of impaired welfare on GHG emissions for common welfare challenges faced in UK lowland (L) and hill (H) sheep farming systems. Two case study research farms in Scotland, representative of high welfare conditions, were used as baselines for semi-intensive L and extensive H systems. In this study, “high welfare conditions” are defined as situations where animals have access to adequate feeding, suitable housing, good health, and opportunities to express natural behaviours. From each high-welfare baseline, scenarios representing common levels of impaired welfare conditions were modelled, using parameters retrieved from the published literature. The selected poor-welfare scenarios included lameness, gastrointestinal nematodes, blowfly strike, liver fluke, inadequate shelter provision, inadequate feeding during lamb growth and late gestation, and high lamb mortality rate. GHG emissions were estimated “from-cradle-to-farm-gate” using Agrecalc©, a Life Cycle Assessment tool for the agricultural sector. Total GHG emissions and emission intensities (EI) in kg of CO2 equivalent per kg live weight were compared across the baseline and the scenarios. Gross farm emissions and product-level EIs demonstrated divergent patterns in response to impaired welfare. Most impaired welfare scenarios led to a slight decrease in total farm emissions (0.03–3%), with a few exceptions. On the other hand, EI increased across all impaired welfare scenarios relative to the baseline, because meat production decreased by 1.3–16.6% across all impaired welfare scenarios, reducing resource use efficiency. Lameness was identified as particularly impactful, resulting in 18 and 10% increases in EI on H and L farms, respectively. This was primarily due to the high lamb mortality associated with lameness in published studies. Inadequate shelter provision was associated with an 8–15% increase in EI. Scenarios related to ineffective parasite control contributed to an EI increase ranging from 1 to 13%, while inadequate feeding management caused a 3–4% increase in EI. This study highlights the potential for reducing emission intensity through system-specific interventions, emphasising the importance of integrating animal welfare into GHG mitigation strategies.
Lanzoni, L., Reeves, M. C., Waxenberg, K., Ramsey, R., Atzori, A. S., Bell, J., Rees, R. M., Vignola, G., & Dwyer, C. M. (2024). The carbon cost of impaired welfare on sheep farms. Animal : An International Journal of Animal Bioscience, 19(2), 101390. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.animal.2024.101390
The environmental impacts of replacing meat purchases with plant- or mycoprotein-based meat alternatives in Australia
Abstract: Meat production is a key driver of environmental harms. Plant- and mycoprotein-based meat alternatives are known to have lower environmental impacts than meat-based equivalents. The objective of this study was to estimate the potential environmental benefits from replacing meat grocery purchases with plant- or mycoprotein-based alternatives for greenhouse gas emissions (GHGe), land use, and freshwater use in Australia. Using 2019 data from the NielsenIQ Homescan consumer panel, a nationally representative cohort, GHGe, land use, and freshwater use estimates were assigned to products. Meat purchases were identified, and environmental benefits calculated for two scenarios: replacement of all meat purchases with plant-based meat alternatives, and replacement of all meat purchases with mycoprotein-based meat alternatives. A total of 1,816 meat products across 11 categories were analysed, with 93 plant-based and 20 mycoprotein-based alternatives used as replacements. Replacing meat with plant-based alternatives reduced GHGe by 46%, land use by 81%, and freshwater use by 5%. Mycoprotein-based alternatives achieved reductions of 45%, 80%, and 8%, respectively. Results were consistent across socioeconomic groups. Alongside the known health benefits of consuming meat alternatives in place of processed meat, plant- and mycoprotein-based meat alternatives present an opportunity to reduce the environmental burden of excessive meat consumption.
Shahid, M., Shah, P., Coyle, D. H., Finnigan, T., Hadjikakou, M., Frost, G., Marklund, M., & Neal, B. (2024). The environmental impacts of replacing meat purchases with plant- or mycoprotein-based meat alternatives in Australia. https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.5059163
Dietary change interventions
Between distributed agency and choice architecture: Comparing nudge and practice theoretical approaches to changing consumption
Abstract: How to change consumption patterns remains one of the most wicked global sustainability challenges, and it is increasingly acknowledged that such wicked problems require interdisciplinary solutions. In this chapter, we ask what can be learnt from contrasting two approaches to sustainable consumption that only to a very limited extent interact. First, psychological approaches to consumption have been immensely influential concerning individual behavioural change, particularly through their theorisations of ‘nudge’ and ‘choice architecture’. Second, social practice theories (SPTs) have obtained a dominant position in sociocultural approaches to consumption, focusing on how bodily, social and material elements combine into taken-for-granted daily routines that make up shared patterns of (unsustainable) social life. Interestingly, despite the theoretical approaches’ different ontologies and analytical loci, nudge theory and practice theories seem to end up in surprisingly similar recommendations for facilitating sustainable change. In this chapter, we explore the differences and similarities of two theoretical bodies that rarely interact, with the aim to explore the room for breaking out of disciplinary silos and investigate potentials for cross-field pollination. We use the empirical case of continuity and change in meat consumption, but the dynamics discussed are arguably relevant for all fields of consumption. We demonstrate that while cross-pollination between nudge and practice theories could potentially increase political attention as well as be used to deliver more precise and tailored interventions, the diverging ontological underpinnings of these directions of thought significantly reduce the potential for further co-development.
Adolfsson, J. S., Hansen, A., & Wethal, U. (2024). Between distributed agency and choice architecture: Comparing nudge and practice theoretical approaches to changing consumption. In E. Jacobsen, P. Strandbakken, A. Dulsrud, & S. E. Skuland (Eds.), Consumers and consumption in comparison (pp. 189–213). Emerald Publishing Limited. https://doi.org/10.1108/S0195-631020240000037009
Challenge your customer: How businesses may trigger change in perceived barriers, capability, and consumption
Abstract: The global environmental issues require that we redesign food systems. Transitioning towards more plant-based diets is crucial, but there is a gap observed between consumers’ intention and behaviour. We propose that businesses in the food sector can play a role by challenging their potential customers to overcome the gap. Drawing on the holistic COM-B model of behaviour change as well as the concept of self-nudging, we conduct an intervention study that shows how a business-driven marketing campaign that mimics challenges in the style of Veganuary could provide an opportunity for change. The mixed methods evaluation reveals that participants significantly reduced meat consumption frequency and maintained this at two months after the challenge. Perceived barriers to eating more plant-based food decreased, while perceived capability to reduce meat consumption increased. Participants talk about health and environment as motives as well as social eating contexts as barriers. We discuss implications for the role of businesses and their marketing activities in the transition to a more sustainable food system.
Stancu, C. M., Aschemann-Witzel, J., Grønhøj, A., & Mulders, M. D. G. H. (2024). Challenge your customer: How businesses may trigger change in perceived barriers, capability, and consumption. Appetite, 206, 107829. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.appet.2024.107829
Consumer ranked likely effectiveness of interventions to reduce meat consumption
Abstract: There are potential health and environmental benefits to reducing meat consumption among populations where consumption is high(1). However, meat is a staple part of the diet for many, and large-scale dietary shift is difficult to achieve. We sought to investigate current attitudes to meat and plant-based foods, intentions reduce meat consumption over the next three months, and potential policies and interventions current meat eaters believed could help them to eat less meat and more plant-based foods.
We conducted an online survey (n = 1590) of people living in Scotland, stratified by age, gender, ethnicity, and educational attainment. Of this sample, 95% (n = 1504) described their diet as either omnivorous (84%) or flexitarian (11%). In addition to questions about intentions to reduce meat we presented statements framed around the COM-B model of behaviour(2) to measure people’s perceptions of their Capacity, Opportunities and Motivation to change Behaviour, in this case reducing meat consumption. Latent Class Analysis (LCA) was conducted using these COM-B statements in order to identify disparate segments of the population based on underlying attitudes and beliefs. Current meat eaters were also asked to rank 25 different potential policies or interventions that have been identified in previous work(3,4), using a best-worst scaling method where they were asked to choose the option they believed would be most effective for them personally, and the one which would be least effective, from a choice of four interventions. This was repeated ten times for each respondent, with a ranking then calculated using a conditional logit model.
Considering only meat eaters, sociodemographic variables such as age (Cramer’s V=0.1, p<0.001), gender (V=0.09, p = 0.03) and education (V=0.09, p<0.001) were weak predictors of intentions to reduce meat. The LCA, based on responses to the COM-B statements, revealed four distinct groups. One group (14% of the sample) appeared unwilling to reduce consumption, one was more ambivalent (25%), another group was broadly willing (45%), and the last reported to be actively reducing consumption (14%). Regarding the perceived utility of potential policy and intervention options, there were broad similarities among the four population groups, with options related to the cost and improvement of current vegetarian options (taste and availability) considered most impactful for all. In contrast, interventions that sought to provide information and educate (e.g., leaflets or celebrity endorsement) were considered least likely to facilitate change by all four groups.
There is a willingness to reduce meat consumption among a majority (59%) of the population, and there appear to be concrete policy and intervention options that could target them. There are also potentially more targeted policy options, which could target those who currently consume more meat and are less likely to consider eating less.
McBey, D., Martínez Sánchez, G., McCormick, B. J. J., Horgan, G. W., & Macdiarmid, J. I. (2024). Consumer ranked likely effectiveness of interventions to reduce meat consumption. Proceedings of the Nutrition Society, 83(OCE4). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0029665124005342
Diet predicts mind and moral concern towards a broad range of animal categories
Abstract: A compelling body of research demonstrates that diet (e.g. vegetarianism) plays an important role in the moral concern people grant to animals. However, this research has focused mostly on ‘food’ animals, leaving us with limited understanding of the scope of this effect. We investigated how vegans/vegetarians (veg*ns) and omnivores attribute mind (Study 1) and moral standing (Study 2) across a wide range of animal categories. In Study 1, veg*ns perceived greater mental capacities for most animal categories. Both veg*ns and omnivores gave some categories lesser ratings than others (e.g. evolutionarily distant vs. close to humans), suggesting that veg*ns and omnivores follow similar patterns of mind perception. In Study 2, however, veg*ns both attributed animals greater moral standing overall and gave similar ratings across categories (e.g. toward ‘liked’ animals such as rabbits and ‘disliked’ animals such as rats), whereas omnivores drew sharper distinctions between categories. These studies demonstrate that meat avoidance is a meaningful factor not only in the perceptions of animals that people eat, but also other animals.
Hankins, E., Jenkins, R., Bousfield, E., & Wilks, M. (2024). Diet predicts mind and moral concern towards a broad range of animal categories. Psychology of Human-Animal Intergroup Relations, 3. https://doi.org/10.5964/phair.14597
Enabled to eat more plant proteins? Capabilities, opportunities, and motivations related to increasing pulse and pulse-based product consumption across consumer groups
Abstract: Replacing even part of dietary red meat with plant proteins, such as pulses, is associated with better environmental and human health. Despite this, meat consumption is still popular while plant proteins are underconsumed in the Western world, especially among certain consumer groups. In this paper, our objective was to examine to what extent 15 different enablers would advance the consumption of pulses and pulse-based products (PBPs) across different genders, age groups, education levels, perceived financial situations, and red meat-eating frequencies. A survey was conducted among Finnish adults aged 18–75 years (n = 1000). The main analysis technique was multivariable linear regression. The Capability, Opportunity, Motivation, Behavior (COMsingle bondB) model was applied in discussing the results. The most important enablers for increasing pulse and PBP consumption were better taste, lower price, and having recipes and ideas for use provided, which represent motivation, opportunity, and capability in the COM-B model. In general, women, the young, and respondents with less frequent red meat consumption perceived the enablers could increase their pulse and PBP consumption more than men, older respondents, and those with frequent red meat consumption. Additionally, the effects of age, financial situation, and red meat consumption frequency on the perceived importance of some of the enablers varied between women and men. Taken together, consumer groups differed in the importance of all three COM-B elements. These results can be used to promote plant-based eating among different consumer groups and allow the design of increasingly targeted interventions.
Kuosmanen, S., Korhonen, K., Pajari, A.-M., & Konttinen, H. (2025). Enabled to eat more plant proteins? Capabilities, opportunities, and motivations related to increasing pulse and pulse-based product consumption across consumer groups. Food Quality and Preference, 126, 105388. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodqual.2024.105388
Enhancing intentions to reduce meat consumption: An experiment comparing the role of self- and social pro-environmental identities
Abstract: Research has consistently shown that a pro-environmental identity plays a critical role in motivating and sustaining pro-environmental actions. However, few studies have directly compared the effects of pro-environmental self- and social identities on pro-environmental behaviors. In the present study, we experimentally tested the effect of increasing self- and social identity salience on the intention to reduce meat consumption. A total of 678 young Italian adults were randomly assigned to one of four conditions: 1) past behavior recall plus personal feedback aimed at enhancing pro-environmental self-identity salience; 2) past behavior recall plus social feedback to reinforce pro-environmental social identity salience; 3) no feedback, where participants only recalled their past behavior; 4) control condition, i.e., recall of past behaviors unrelated to sustainability. In addition, we explored the mediating role of attitudes, subjective norms, and perceived behavioral control. The results revealed that recalling past eating-related pro-environmental behaviors enhances both the pro-environmental self-identity and the pro-environmental social identity, regardless of whether feedback was received. All experimental conditions indirectly fostered the intention to reduce meat consumption with respect to the control condition. In conclusion, recalling past pro-environmental behaviors, even without receiving specific feedback, can activate pro-environmental identities, thereby creating pathways toward stronger intentions to reduce meat consumption.
Capasso, M., Guidetti, M., Bianchi, M., Cavazza, N., & Caso, D. (2025). Enhancing intentions to reduce meat consumption: An experiment comparing the role of self- and social pro-environmental identities. Journal of Environmental Psychology, 101, 102494. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvp.2024.102494
Exploring predictors of purchase intention toward plant-based meat
Abstract: Plant-based meat (PBM) presents itself as a sustainable alternative to meat production systems that have adversely impacted consumers’ health and the environment at large. In the Philippine context, however, there are only a few PBM manufacturers to date even though production has been emerging with expanded options for consumers to consider. Moreover, while PBM’s potential allows it to be a prospective working food system in the country through the promotion of healthier food chains, the literature on PBM in the Philippines is scant. This study thus contributes to this literature by exploring predictors of purchase intention toward PBM. The researchers surveyed 215 respondents and determined if their Perceived Healthiness of PBM, Self-perceived Taste of PBM, Environmental Concern, Product Knowledge of PBM, and Meat Attachment predicted their Purchase Intention toward PBM. The results revealed that Perceived Healthiness, Self-perceived Taste, Product Knowledge, and Meat Attachment significantly influence Purchase Intention. The study then provides recommendations for the government and the private sector to promote the purchase and consumption of PBM and realize environmental benefits from doing so.
Monares, K. G. D., Roque, K. S. D., Santos, M. A., So, S. M. S., Valentin, C. A., & Valentin, A. P. M. (2024). Exploring predictors of purchase intention toward plant-based meat. Journal of Management for Global Sustainability, 12(2). https://doi.org/10.13185/2244-6893.1244
Health is wealth - eating for tomorrow: Factors influencing purchase intention of plant-based diets in India
Abstract: Many people are shifting towards plant-based diets due to health and ethical considerations about climate change and animal welfare. Changes in dietary patterns are increasing rapidly in some countries, while this trend is just emerging in others. The present study reviews plant-based food adoption in India and identifies the critical factors that drive the purchase intention of plant-based food. The study applied an extended theory of planned behaviour, incorporating a multidimensional construct with subjective norms, environmental attitude, perceived behavioural control, social value, functional value, epistemic value, and health benefits. Environmental attitude was the most important factor, followed by health benefits and epistemic values. Social value positively influenced health benefits, indicating that consumers tried plant-based food based on recommendations by celebrities to gain approval from peers. However, after adoption, they realized the health benefits like better digestion, and reduced hormonal imbalance. Subjective norms were an insignificant factor indicating that adopting plant-based food was a personal choice without family/peer influence. Rather than focusing on meat-eating consumers only, marketers must consider vegetarian consumers and those looking to reduce meat consumption. Communication strategy by food brands and the gastronomy industry should focus less on animal welfare and nudge consumers to reduce animal product consumption due to the health benefits and overall impact on the environment.
Chopra, A., Jagose, J., & Pandey, A. (2025). Health is wealth – eating for tomorrow: Factors influencing purchase intention of plant-based diets in India. Cogent Business & Management, 12(1). https://doi.org/10.1080/23311975.2024.2443567
Is trauma associated with plant-based diet choice?
Abstract: Examinations of links between plant-based diets (e.g., vegetarian and vegan diets) and indices of physical and mental health have received increased attention in the scientific literature in recent years. However, there has been little to no published research examining predictors of plant-based diet choice. Researchers have suggested that plant-based diets could be linked to trauma for a variety of reasons, including the idea that trauma can increase the risk for mental illnesses, and plant-based diets may be adopted to self-medicate mental illness and promote recovery. The current study examined the link between trauma across the lifespan and experiences of intimate partner violence (IPV) with adherence to a plant-based diet. Participants were a nationally representative United States sample of 1665 individuals who completed self-report questionnaires. Consistent with hypotheses, bivariate correlations indicated that all measures of trauma were associated with an increased likelihood of being plant-based. Findings from a logistic regression analysis indicated those with a history of IPV were 2.31 times more likely to be plant-based, and those with any experience of trauma more broadly were 1.09 times more likely to be plant-based. These results suggest the importance of considering the role of trauma and victimization when examining links between plant-based diet and other outcomes and point to a number of possible avenues for additional investigation to better understand these associations.
Nomamiukor, F. O., Smethurst, M. A., Franz, M. R., Hamilton, E. G., Garza, A., Padilla-Medina, D., Davis, M., & Taft, C. T. (2024). Is trauma associated with plant-based diet choice? Appetite, 107841. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.appet.2024.107841
Legume beliefs among culinary art students: A cluster analysis based on meat attachment
Abstract: Despite their health and environmental benefits, the share of legumes in the diets of many developed countries remains low. To support eaters towards rebalancing animal and plant proteins in their diet, catering professionals have an important role to play. The project’s objective is to explore culinary students’ beliefs toward legumes, taking into account their attachment to meat, which is still the reference source of protein. For this purpose, a quantitative survey was conducted on 102 culinary students. Overall, culinary students have a favourable view of legumes in terms of the environment, nutrition, restaurant operations, or consumer expectations. Two groups of students were identified based on their level of attachment to meat. Positive beliefs toward legumes are more strongly present among students with a weaker attachment to meat (36 % of the sample) than among students with a stronger attachment to meat (64 % of the sample). The results shed light on the profiles of future actors in the restaurant industry and their representations of legumes in relation to their psychological relationship with meat.
Cosson, A., Dougkas, A., Lamy, A., Michaud, M., & Sebbane, M. (2024). Legume beliefs among culinary art students: A cluster analysis based on meat attachment. Food and Humanity, 3, 100465. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foohum.2024.100465
Meat reduction meets family reality: Negotiating sustainable diets in households with adolescents
Abstract: Limited research exists on how the transition towards more sustainable eating takes place at the meso-level of family decision-making, or how children and adolescents engage in and possibly influence the process towards more sustainable diets in families. In this paper, we study how public recommendations that encourage reducing the consumption of meat for the benefit of both health and climate are interpreted, negotiated, and acted upon in Danish families with adolescents (aged 15–20) residing at home. We use novel methodological stimuli, including vignettes and a visual sorting task, embedded in qualitative, in-depth interviews to elicit data on parents’ and adolescents’ everyday meat consumption/reduction behaviours. Findings reveal that a desire to uphold harmony and family cohesion serves as simultaneous drivers and barriers to reducing meat consumption. Further, we identify barriers to change in the gendered work hidden in the tasks of planning the integration of more sustainable, green dishes into the meal repertoires. Implications are drawn for social marketers, marketers, and public policymakers, encouraging these to use insights into family food decision-making processes as a lever to facilitate the needed green transition of diets in family households.
Hesselberg, J., Pedersen, S., & Grønhøj, A. (2024). Meat reduction meets family reality: Negotiating sustainable diets in households with adolescents. Appetite Volume 195.
Millennials’ intentions to buy plant-based meat alternatives: Insights for quick-service restaurants
Abstract: Rapid population growth, shifting consumption patterns, and environmental stresses are challenging food security, raising concerns about the global food system’s ability to sustainably feed the projected 9.3 billion people by 2050. Additionally, the increasing demand for Quick-Service Restaurants (QSRs) (also known as ‘fast-food chains’) intensifies environmental concerns. Their large-scale food production and factory farming practices contribute significantly to environmental degradation and animal welfare issues. In response to growing consumer awareness of environmental issues, QSRs have begun incorporating plant-based meat alternatives into their menus to align with sustainability objectives and appeal to eco-conscious consumers, particularly millennials. However, these alternatives face acceptance challenges due to perceptions of being highly processed and potentially containing genetically modified organisms. It is therefore essential to have a better understanding of the market’s purchasing intention to effectively market plant-based meat alternatives and advance QSRs’ sustainable practices.
Incardona, G., Gebbels, M., & Nguyen, T. H. H. (2024). Millennials’ intentions to buy plant-based meat alternatives: Insights for quick-service restaurants. Hospitality Insights, 8(1), 10–12. https://doi.org/10.24135/hi.v8i1.169
Reducing meat consumption using a diet-related written prompt and the Swiss food pyramid: A field study
Abstract: Current levels of meat consumption in developed countries exceed nutritional recommendations and harm the environment. A promising intervention to reduce meat consumption is prompts, that is, reminders to perform a specific behavior in a particular situation. The present study tested a written prompt combined with an adapted version of the visualized Swiss dietary recommendations ‘Swiss Food Pyramid’ in the field. The study was conducted simultaneously in two staff restaurants with a two-week baseline period followed by a two-week intervention period. Participants (n = 131) photographed their food choices in the staff restaurants using a depth camera provided. The amount of meat on their plates was estimated using the automatic volume estimation module by goFOOD™, an artificial intelligence-based automatic dietary assessment system. The results showed that participants in one staff restaurant preferred the vegetarian menu over the meat menu when exposed to the intervention, consequently reducing their meat consumption. The intervention was particularly successful among participants with a positive attitude toward environmental protection and high health consciousness. Participants who enjoyed meat for hedonistic reasons and who ate meat the most frequently were less influenced by the intervention. In the other staff restaurant, the intervention had no effect. Potential reasons are discussed in light of the different clientele of the two staff restaurants.
Zumthurm, S., Papathanail, I., Abdur Rahman, L., Brigato, L., Mougiakakou, S., & Stämpfli, A. (2025). Reducing meat consumption using a diet-related written prompt and the Swiss food pyramid: A field study. Food Quality and Preference, 126, 105416. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodqual.2024.105416
Romanian meat consumers’ choices favour sustainability?
Abstract: The paper highlights the evolution of meat consumption in Romania between 2007 and 2022 based on statistical data retrieved from the National Institute of Statistics and also presents a recent 2024 diagnosis on Romanian meat consumption from field data acquired through a questionnaire survey to which 1002 people gave valid answers. For the average annual meat consumption in Romania it was found that it varies depending on the category: for beef it was a decreasing trend, for pork the trend was slightly increasing, and the consumption of mutton and goat meat had an insignificant variation. The central place in terms of meat consumption was occupied by poultry (34.78%), which had the most obvious increase. The questionnaire reflected that meat consumption is influenced by multiple factors including: age, income level, level of education, origin of meat etc. In the context of climate and geopolitical change, there is an increasing emphasis on finding alternatives for meat. The largest share of respondents to the questionnaire said that they will continue to consume meat, the rest preferring substitutes obtained from vegetables. Our results and the analysis, correlations and approaches done within this paper could serve as a basis for meat consumption patterns in Romania and may ground future marketing policies and sustainable development strategies in the food industry.
Chiurciu, I.-A., Vlad, I. M., Stoicea, P., Zaharia, I., David, L., Soare, E., Fîntîneru, G., Micu, M. M., Dinu, T. A., Tudor, V. C., & Smedescu, D. I. (2024). Romanian meat consumers’ choices favour sustainability? Sustainability, 16(24), 11193. https://doi.org/10.3390/su162411193
Unbundling ethical consumer choice: A configurational analysis with a framing experiment
Abstract: To understand ethical consumer choice, it should be studied from a holistic, configurational perspective. We use fuzzy-set qualitative comparative analysis (fsQCA) (N = 715) with a randomized experiment in the context of animal welfare to examine (a) the interdependencies of factors aiding or impeding ethical choice, and (b) whether ethical choices occur differently in a loss frame than in a gain frame. We identify several alternative pathways to ethical choice and non-choice, and within these pathways, we reveal substitution effects, complementarities, and contingencies, reflecting the complexities of consumer choice. Furthermore, we demonstrate how ethical choice results more easily in a loss frame, and non-choice more easily in a gain frame, but how framing can also be irrelevant in certain situations. We contribute theoretically to ethical consumer choice in general and to food choice in particular by showing how it is the interplay of several factors in complex configurations that determines whether the situation favors ethical choice or non-choice. We outline important management and policy implications of our findings.
Lankoski, L., & Ollila, S. (2024). Unbundling ethical consumer choice: A configurational analysis with a framing experiment. Business & Society. https://doi.org/10.1177/00076503241291304
What is in a label: Effects of labeling on the preference for plant-based products
Abstract: Our study investigated the effects of three labels on the preference for plant-based products: plant-based, vegan, and Lenten, referring to products appropriate to consume during religious fasting. We conducted two preregistered experiments to measure the effects of labeling on product preference (Study 1, N = 290) and actual tasting preferences (Study 2, N = 251) in a predominantly meat-eating European society (Serbia). We did not find statistically significant effects of labels on the preference for plant-based products in Study 1. In Study 2, the labels affected the preference for plant-based cheese, with Lenten and plant-based labels being slightly preferred over the vegan label. Labeling did not affect the tasting preference for plant-based milk or prosciutto. Across the two studies, the plant-based products were consistently favorably rated, regardless of the label. Plant-based milk emerged as the most preferred product in both studies. We also found that previous experience with plant-based products, as well as speciesism – endorsement of animal exploitation – consistently predicted preferences for plant-based products, irrespective of the label. These findings underscore the influence of labeling on some plant-based products while also revealing the overall minor impact of labeling on consumer preferences. We further discuss the absence of adverse effects of vegan labeling.
Branković, M., Budžak, A., Đurašković, I., & Vlajin, B. (2024). What is in a label: Effects of labeling on the preference for plant-based products. Appetite, 107837. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.appet.2024.107837
Food systems
Growing alternatives: An exploration of veganic agriculture in the United States and opportunities for future synergies
Abstract: Veganic farming is a growing agricultural approach rooted in the exclusion of farmed animal inputs and promotion of diverse, plant-based ecologies. It offers a range of direct and indirect benefits, spanning from farm soil health to climate resiliency to improved human/non-human animal welfare (e.g., farmer/worker livelihood; consumer food safety; animal rights). Veganic farmers’ experiences, worldviews, and motivations vary, however many include dimensions of social and environmental justice akin to that of the agroecology movement. This dissertation examines veganic agriculture and complementary approaches through three distinct discussions. First, veganic agriculture is explored in relation to soil health and fertility strategies reported through a sample of 25 veganic farmers in the United States (U.S.). Subsequently, it is proposed that there is value in Agricultural Outreach Professionals (AOPs) (e.g., University Extension personnel) gaining a greater familiarity to veganic approaches, not only to serve veganic farmers, but the greater agricultural community that could benefit from an expanded toolbox of resiliency strategies. Next, veganic agriculture is considered in context to agroecology with exploration of future synergies between the two approaches. This paper provides a foundational contribution of veganic agricultural principles as identified through the aforementioned field work with veganic farmers in the U.S.. These are then discussed in comparison with agroecological principles, using the thirteen principles outlined by Wezel et al. (2020) as a guide. Findings suggest that despite the misalignment on the integration of farmed animals (and the associated animal inputs), there is high compatibility and opportunity for transdisciplinary engagement across the two respective sciences/practices/movements going forward. Lastly, the co-creation of knowledge is examined with specific emphasis on agriculture and the application to agroecology. The intersection between ‘traditional’ and ‘scientific’ knowledge highlights potential for integration of farmer-centered perspective for improved process and outcomes. While the focus is on agroecology, it extends the same potential benefits to veganic agriculture. Given the expanding veganic farming community, participatory co-creation of knowledge may become an increasingly important tool for learning and knowledge development within and outside of the U.S.. As a whole, this dissertation is guided with the concept of a sustainable transition framework, specifically through the multi-level perspective (MLP). The concepts explored illuminate the plethora of ways veganic farming offers alternatives to the prevailing agrifood paradigm, especially when paired with other approaches, such as agroecology.
Utter, A. (2025). Growing alternatives: An exploration of veganic agriculture in the United States and opportunities for future synergies [Doctoral dissertation].
Investments into insect farming
Abstract: Publicly disclosed investments of around $2B have flowed into insect farming businesses to date, mostly producers of black soldier fly larvae (59%) and mealworms (36%). But major players accounting for 37% of investment have either failed or are known to be struggling.
Annual investment flows into insect farming were growing rapidly prior to 2021, but this trend appears to have stopped. Investor sentiment is low and has been rocked by recent failures.
I built a simple model to estimate what paths for future investment flows might mean for future production capacity of dried black soldier fly and mealworm larvae.
The median model projection points to production capacity of 221K metric tonnes of dried insects by 2030, less than half of that predicted in an influential 2021 Rabobank report.
Despite a more modest production outlook, the median scenario is still consistent with a very large number of insect larvae being farmed (293B at any time) and killed (3.9T annually) in 2030.
There are many limitations and caveats with the model and its projections, which should be read before citing the numbers or making decisions based on them.
Shah, S. (2024) Investments into insect farming. https://rethinkpriorities.org/research-area/investments-into-insect-farming/
The potential of Industry 4.0 technologies in transforming agricultural and livestock practices: A systematic review
Abstract:
Purpose: This research centres on how digital technologies are revolutionizing agriculture, affording farmers improved access to information, crop forecasts, markets and innovations, in addition to facilitating training and other benefits. The purpose of this investigation is to examine how technologies used in the Agro 4.0 industry facilitate agricultural and livestock practices.
Design/methodology/approach: A thorough examination of the existing literature on this subject was conducted, encompassing articles published between 2013 and 2023 that have been catalogued in Scopus and the Web of Science.
Findings: The analysis of these studies reveals the growing significance of innovations such as artificial intelligence, blockchain, precision agriculture, the Internet of Things (IoT) and robotics in the transformation of agriculture and livestock farming. The implementation of these technologies is occurring across various sectors of agricultural production, including livestock production, shrimp farming, vertical farming, supply chains, irrigation, grain inspection, the dairy sector and smart farms. The impacts identified include improvements in productivity, intelligent analysis systems, operational efficiency, transparency and reliability, management per square metre, optimization, environmental sustainability, animal welfare, enhancement of food security and risk reduction.
Originality/value: Therefore, the contributions of technologies are associated with data-based decision-making, digital skills to maximize agribusiness performance, digital transformation in the field and competitiveness in the global market.
Pletsch, A. L. B., Stenger, E. A. F., & Sehnem, S. (2024). The potential of Industry 4.0 technologies in transforming agricultural and livestock practices: A systematic review. International Journal on Perceptive and Cognitive Computing. https://doi.org/10.1108/IJPCC-05-2024-0178
Movement research
Animal advocacy in Brazil: Top opportunities for impact
Abstract: For animal advocates, Brazil is a country of major opportunity but also major challenges. In a global context the scale of animal production in Brazil is immense. The dispersal of power between a range of different stakeholders in Brazil provides the animal advocacy movement with many avenues for impact. Nevertheless, Brazil also brings unique political and industrial challenges that need to be taken seriously.
The sheer scale of animal exploitation in Brazil means potential reforms, even for minority industries, are of great importance. However, there are challenges with what is politically and economically feasible, and this is a significant consideration for campaign selection. This does change based on the share of the farming industry’s production destined for the domestic or international market. So some routes for advocacy are likely to prove effective in some industries, but struggle in other settings.
With this in mind, we have identified two main priority areas for reform at this time. Both of these tasks are high-priority and could potentially make extremely impactful campaigns.
Animal Ask. (2024). Animal advocacy in Brazil: Top opportunities for impact. https://www.animalask.org/post/animal-advocacy-in-brazil-top-opportunities-for-impact
Faunalytics Index – December 2024
Abstract: This month’s Faunalytics Index provides facts and stats about chicken welfare commitments, children’s perception of animals used for food, the awareness of male chick culling, and more.
Faunalytics. (2024). Faunalytics Index – December 2024. https://faunalytics.org/faunalytics-index-december-2024/
What vegan advocates can learn from the social spread of quitting smoking
Abstract: Many vegans have seen how their diet and lifestyle can influence or spread to those around them. This Faunalytics study looks at the concept of social contagion and what animal advocates might be able to gain from it.
What vegan advocates can learn from the social spread of quitting smoking. (2024). https://faunalytics.org/what-vegan-advocates-can-learn-from-the-social-spread-of-quitting-smoking/
Research methods
Internal and external validation of the empathy toward animals scale
Abstract: The Empathy Toward Animals (ETA) scale measures two dimensions of animal-directed empathy: (1) Empathic Concern, encompassing the emotional aspects, and (2) Perspective Taking, encompassing the cognitive aspects. Although adapted from an existing measure of human-directed empathy, the original version of the ETA scale has not undergone a comprehensive investigation of its internal and external validity. Nevertheless, it continues to be used in research assessing animal-directed empathy, based on indicators of internal consistency and face/content validity. The current study sought to enhance the evidence for the ETA scale by (1) evaluating construct validity and (2) assessing convergent validity. To accomplish these objectives, a sample of 800 adults was recruited. Construct validity was evaluated using two sample cross-validation techniques to perform confirmatory and exploratory factor analyses, as well as assess internal consistency. Convergent validity was assessed through correlation matrices, t-tests, and a multiple linear regression exploring variables associated with the ETA scale. Results support the reliability of two distinct dimensions (i.e., Empathic Concern and Perspective Taking) and the latent variable (i.e., Empathy Toward Animals), and there were significant associations with conceptual constructs as expected (e.g., human-directed empathy and compassion, attitudes and beliefs about animals and nature, demographic variables). Additionally, human-directed empathy and nature relatedness significantly predict ETA. Implications for the definition and measurement of animal-directed empathy are discussed. The findings highlight the potential of leveraging empathy within interventions aimed at deepening human–animal bonds and promoting pro-environmental behaviors.
Martins, C. D., Vergara, R. C., & Khoury, B. (2024). Internal and external validation of the empathy toward animals scale. Anthrozoös, 1–22. https://doi.org/10.1080/08927936.2024.2436730
Politics, law, and social change
Acceptability of meat tax and subsidy removal by meat-eaters: Insights from five European countries
Abstract: Governments worldwide are exploring policies aimed at promoting healthier and more sustainable dietary choices. This study examines the public acceptability of two promising yet controversial policy interventions: the introduction of a meat tax and the removal of meat subsidies. Drawing on existing literature about the impact of policies on food consumption, particularly meat, we analyze data from a multicountry survey conducted across five European countries. We employ ordered logistic models and cluster analysis to examine factors influencing respondents’ support for these policies. Our findings highlight the role of value-based, diet related and socio-demographic factors. Notably, respondents from Spain, Portugal, and the UK showed significantly greater support for these meat policies compared to Latvians and Czechs. Age emerged as a key factor, indicating an increasing likelihood of support for both policies among younger individuals. Moreover, environmental and egoistic values were associated with increased odds of support, while security concerns and hedonic values had the opposite effect. Education, employment, or income did not emerge as significant predictors. Our study underscores the complexity of public opinions toward meat policies and provides valuable insights for policymakers seeking to design effective strategies to promote healthier and more sustainable dietary behaviours in Europe.
Kmeťková, D., Zvěřinová, I., Śčasný, M., & Máca, V. (2024). Acceptability of meat tax and subsidy removal by meat-eaters: Insights from five European countries. The IES Working Papers.
Analysis of the Indonesian criminal code’s respect for animals
Abstract: This research delves into the intricate legal framework governing animal protection within the Indonesian Criminal Code, offering a thorough analysis of existing provisions aimed at ensuring animal welfare. Indonesia’s commitment to humane treatment and ethical considerations in its legal system is underscored by several articles directly or indirectly addressing the welfare of animals. Employing a normative juridical approach, this study systematically examines the statutory provisions pertaining to animal welfare within the Indonesian Criminal Code. The findings illuminate the Indonesian Criminal Code as a robust legal framework that prioritizes respect, dignity, and compassion for animals. Article 302 serves as the cornerstone by establishing fundamental standards for humane treatment, reflecting intrinsic moral values deeply embedded within Indonesian societal norms. Complementing this, Article 409 addresses actions that incite animal aggression, thereby safeguarding both the physical and psychological well-being of animals. Article 540 further strengthens these protections by ensuring animals are shielded from excessive workloads and inhumane transportation practices, thereby addressing their rights and welfare comprehensively. Moreover, Article 541 specifically focuses on horses, mandating that they are not subjected to overwork and are treated with due consideration for their natural development and capabilities. Additionally, Article 544 regulates contentious activities such as cockfighting, aiming to maintain public order while upholding humane standards and preventing unnecessary suffering among animals. These provisions collectively demonstrate Indonesia’s holistic approach to animal welfare, balancing societal needs with ethical imperatives.
Analysis of the Indonesian criminal code’s respect for animals. (2025). Jurnal Hukum Magnum Opus. https://jurnal.untag-sby.ac.id/index.php/Magnumopus/article/view/11184
Animal rights in semitic and non-semitic religions: A comparative study
Abstract: The viewpoints on animal care in the Semitic (Islam, Christianity, and Judaism) and non-Semitic (Hinduism, Buddhism, and Sikhism) religions are compared in this study. Despite their theological differences, these religions have a focus on compassion, treating others with care, and forbidding needless damage. However, opinions on animal rights, interdependence, and human supremacy differ. While non-Semitic religions contain animal rights and interconnectedness, Semitic religions place more emphasis on ethical stewardship. This study advances our knowledge of interfaith communication, instruction, and collaboration in the advancement of animal care. The results contribute to a more complex understanding of how religion and culture interact with regard to animal welfare, which in turn informs policy for improved animal advocacy and care.
Hafiz Muhammad Faizan Ul Hassan, Muneeb-Ullah, M., & Saba, H. (2024). Animal rights in semitic and non-semitic religions (a comparative study). Al Manhal Research Journal.
Animals as subjects of rights: Brazil’s constitutional blueprint
Abstract: In most countries, animals typically lack constitutional protection and rely solely on animal welfare statutes. Currently, only eleven countries worldwide have a constitutional provision dedicated to the protection of animals. Among these countries, Brazil stands out as the sole nation where the constitutional provision is directly applicable and supported by an extensive standing regime that enables diverse actors to invoke this protection in manifold judicial proceedings. This legal framework has fostered the development of innovative legal doctrines and advocacy initiatives over the past few decades. Consequently, while the concept of animals as legal persons or rights holders remains an aspirational goal in much of the Western world, in Brazil, animals are already recognised as subjects of rights. Despite that, the international awareness of the Brazilian experience remains limited due to most of the related literature being published in Portuguese. In face of the growing momentum of the animal constitutionalism movement worldwide, this article seeks to shed light on how a constitutional mandate has facilitated the establishment of animals as legal subjects deserving recognition in the legal system.
Baptista-Rosa, M. (2024). Animals as subjects of rights: Brazil’s constitutional blueprint. LEOH – Journal of Animal Law, Ethics and One Health, 146–171. https://doi.org/10.58590/leoh.2024.011
Discussion of inconsiderate cruelty towards animals: Further arguments for animal rights
Abstract: This work focuses primarily on animal rights in the United States within the context of the specific legal system existing in that country. It argues that animal rights as recognized by state law are limited, in the sense that enforcement can occur only through public prosecution. If horses and cows are beaten and mistreated at a local farm, or if greyhounds are forced to live in small cages, protection will come only if the prosecutor decides to provide it. However, as prosecutors have limited budgets, and animal protection is rarely a priority, the result is that violations of state law occur every day. We contend that there is no good reason to accept the level of suffering that is now being experienced by millions of living creatures. Doubts have been raised about the radical idea that animals deserve to have “autonomy”, understood as a right to be free from human control and use. In our view, the primary focus should instead be on animal welfare and suffering. While animals should not be treated merely as tools for human purposes, it is possible for humans to control them in ways that still allow animals to have decent lives. However, emphasis on minimizing suffering and ensuring decent lives for animals has significant implications. It is appropriate to consider human interests in this equation, because most times human interests take precedence over those of animals. Adopting the conversational method of inquiry, we claim that often the interests of animals are entirely disregarded, and if they were considered, many of our current practices would be indefensible.
Enyimba, M., Awugosi, C. I., Ohere, P. A., & Okpe, T. A. (2024). Discussion of inconsiderate cruelty towards animals: Further arguments for animal rights. Studia Ecologiae et Bioethicaeh.
Exploring how specification of revenue use shifts attitudes towards climate motivated food taxes
Abstract: This article explores the public acceptability of revenue use schemes, specifically (1) public goods like education and health care, (2) lower income (and other) taxes, and (3) environmental restoration/protection projects of a climate-motivated food tax (CMF tax), i.e. a tax on food with a high climate impact like meat and dairy, with revenue recycling schemes. Utilizing survey data (N=10513) from 2023 collected in six countries (The US, Brazil, Germany, Sweden, South Africa, and India) and utilizing within-subject comparisons, we nuance the research on how and for whom revenue influences acceptability for climate-motivated taxes. We find evidence that on average all recycling schemes increase acceptability. Participants who report low acceptability for CMF taxes without revenue use specification report the largest increases when revenue use is specified. Conversely, for those who support CMF tax, revenue use decreases reported acceptability. Results also show that perceived fairness and effectiveness correlate with the acceptability of revenue use. We control for factors including climate change concern, meat consumption, ideology, and demographics. We also provide timely data for six countries, including three in the Global South. Thus, we deliver timely insight for policymakers regarding how to design a potential food policy package that is more acceptable to the general public and especially for those who resist climate policies.
Jagers, S. C., Yehle, L., Lindvall, D., Elwing, E., & Harring, N. (2024). Exploring how specification of revenue use shifts attitudes towards climate motivated food taxes. https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.5060270
‘They only get the feed that grows on our farm’: A survey experiment on greenwashing of Swiss meat and agricultural policy using a showcase design
Abstract: Increased consumer interest in environmental and other process-related aspects of products has led to a surge in green advertising, including misleading forms known as greenwashing. While usual definitions of greenwashing refer to companies misleading consumers about products, greenwashing may also involve governments and mislead citizens about policy outcomes. The present study experimentally explores the effects of government-subsidized greenwashing of Swiss agricultural products and agricultural policy. The greenwashing ad we examined presented a ‘showcase’ beef production with only farm-grown feed to create an overly positive impression of the environmental outcomes of ‘Swiss meat’ production in general. We used a survey experiment (N=637) to examine how the video commercial affected consumers’ perceptions, product beliefs and related policy opinions. A two-factorial design was used to study effects of the commercial and of an information treatment that placed the showcase in perspective. The information treatment presented the solutions to a preceding knowledge test about animal feeding in Swiss farms more generally. In the treatment condition with the showcase ad, more than half of the respondents agreed with the statement ‘the ad conveys a realistic image of Swiss meat production’, and forty percent agreed with the statement ‘the ad shows the production of Swiss beef as it is.’ The video commercial did not influence beliefs about Swiss meat but changed opinions in the favor of government subsidies for Swiss meat. Exposure to contextual information decreased the support for subsidies but did not decrease the effect of the misleading ad. Other significant predictors of support for increased meat subsidies including frequent meat consumption, low factual knowledge, and positive product beliefs are consistent with theories of motivated information processing. The findings suggest that the current self-regulation of the communication industry and government sponsoring of misleading ads for Swiss products and agricultural policy may undermine fair competition and unduly influence political opinion.
Schläpfer, F., Garibay, A., & Ryf, S. (2025). ‘They only get the feed that grows on our farm’: A survey experiment on greenwashing of Swiss meat and agricultural policy using a showcase design. Sustainability 17, No. 2 (2025): 682.
Veg*ns and advocates
Dating a vegetarian? Perception of masculinity, attractiveness, and the willingness to date vegetarians
Abstract: The study examined how following a vegetarian diet affects the attractiveness of a potential dating partner among those who do not follow a vegetarian diet. Participants, 404 heterosexual meat-eaters, took part in an online experiment in which they evaluated the dating profile of a target person who was described as following a vegetarian diet for health, ethical, or environmental reasons, and a control condition that had no description of the target’s diet. Participants rated the target in terms of a feeling thermometer, willingness to date, gender congruence, and possession of masculine and feminine traits. Participant’s level of identification as a meat-eater was also measured. A series of two (participant gender) by four (target diet) ANOVAs found significant interactions in the analyses of the feeling thermometer ratings, showing that women viewed ethically motivated targets less positively than men did. We also found significant main effects of target diet in willingness to date, gender congruence, and possession of feminine and masculine traits. Meat-eaters evaluated targets with no diet information more positively than the health-motivated target. Controlling for identification as a meat-eater, women evaluated ethically-motivated targets as having less feminine traits than men did. The present results suggest that being a vegetarian makes a person less attractive as a potential partner among omnivores, who constitute the majority of people in most Western, industrialized countries.
Adamczyk, D., Nezlek, J. B., & Maison, D. (2024). Dating a vegetarian? Perception of masculinity, attractiveness, and the willingness to date vegetarians. Social Psychological Bulletin, 19. https://doi.org/10.32872/spb.14457
Vegetarianism discourse in Russian social media: A case study
Abstract: Dietary choices, especially vegetarianism, have attracted much attention lately due to their potential effects on the environment, human health, and morality. Despite this, public discourse on vegetarianism in Russian-language contexts remains underexplored. This paper introduces VegRuCorpus, a novel, manually annotated dataset of Russian-language social media texts expressing opinions on vegetarianism. Through extensive experimentation, we demonstrate that contrastive learning significantly outperforms traditional machine learning and fine-tuned transformer models, achieving the best classification performance for distinguishing pro- and anti-vegetarian opinions. While traditional models perform competitively using syntactic and semantic representations and fine-tuned transformers show promise, our findings highlight the need for task-specific data to unlock their full potential. By providing a new dataset and insights into model performance, this work advances opinion mining and contributes to understanding nutritional health discourse in Russia.
Gorduna, N., & Vanetik, N. (2024). Vegetarianism discourse in Russian social media: A case study. Applied Sciences, 15(1), 259. https://doi.org/10.3390/app15010259
Our Sources
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Meat AND behavior
Meat AND behaviour
Meat AND attitudes
Meat AND preferences
Meat AND consumption
Meat AND reduction
Cultured meat
Cultivated meat
Clean meat
In vitro meat
“Cellular agriculture”
Plant based meat
Plant based diet
Veganism
Vegetarianism
Animal advocacy
Animal welfare
Aquatic animal welfare
Fish welfare
Speciesism
“Human-animal relations”
December 2024
by Erika Alonso - 1 minute read