February 2025
Browse Studies By Topic
Alternatives to animal products
A perspective on the regulation of cultivated meat in the European Union
Abstract: In the European Union, the adequacy of the novel food framework to deal with cultivated meat has been questioned by several political initiatives at member state and Union levels. This contribution argues that the novel food framework is fit for regulating the entrance into the market of cultivated meat and that the use of the precautionary principle to ban cultivated meat production and commercialization is not justified. It then illustrates how existing regulatory provisions already provide the EU gastronomic heritage with adequate safeguarding, if and when cultivated meat will enter the EU market.
Monaco, A. (2025). A perspective on the regulation of cultivated meat in the European Union. Npj Science of Food, 9(1), 21. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41538-025-00384-0
Animal bodies and futures: Rethinking ethical implications of cultivated meat and fish
Abstract: This paper critically examines the ethical discourse surrounding cultivated meat and fish, arguing that it has largely remained confined to theoretical or speculative discussions, neglecting the practical and evolving implications of this emerging technology—particularly in relation to the continued involvement of animals in its production. I demonstrate that a significant gap exists in the assessment of the impact on animal bodies during cell harvesting and cultivation, leading to a distorted or incomplete understanding of the normative dimensions of this innovation. The paper further addresses the often-overlooked issue of “animal futures,” particularly the treatment of animals post-biopsy, and the ethical concerns surrounding the breeding of animals specifically for stem cell production. It critiques the lack of foresight in current ethical discussions, which fail to adequately consider the long-term lives of animals involved in the production of cultivated meat. Advocating for a more comprehensive ethical framework, the paper calls for a deeper, more nuanced consideration of both the immediate and future welfare of these animals. In doing so, the paper stresses that ethical reflection should not be an afterthought but an integral part of technological development—one that must influence both its design and its evolution. Through this analysis, the paper aims to contribute meaningfully to the ongoing discourse on the ethics of cultivated meat, urging a rethinking of the relationship between technological progress and animal welfare and rights.
Ferrari, A. (2025). Animal bodies and futures: Rethinking ethical implications of cultivated meat and fish. Food Ethics, 10(1), 6. https://doi.org/10.1007/s41055-025-00166-0
Beyond the plate: exploring next generation professionals’ views on cell-based meat
PURPOSE: Cell-based meat is currently one of the most debated food sources of recent decades, as it involves cultivating animal-derived biological tissues in controlled environments. Opinions on this topic vary widely; some see this nutritional source as a strategy to address the sustainability challenges of the agri-food sector, while others perceive it as a potential negative impact on their culture and traditions. In this context, this study aimed to gather the opinions of Italian students engaged in animal production science studies to assess their viewpoints regarding socio-ethical, environmental, and economic dimensions since they represent the future generation of professionals and potential consumers.
DESIGN/METHODOLOGY/APPROACH: In this study, the hybrid qualitative-quantitative method of Q-methodology was used. By leveraging the strengths of both qualitative and quantitative approaches, Q-methodology provides a systematic method for examining interviewees’ subjectivity by gathering individuals’ points of view into clusters of opinions referred to as factors.
FINDINGS: The analysis of the results revealed the existence of four distinct factors within the analyzed student population, highlighting the different viewpoints among a group of individuals pursuing the same course of study.
ORIGINALITY/VALUE: The results may provide additional insights into the debate on this topic and offer valuable information for policymakers regarding the discussion on novel foods, particularly cell-based meat, which still lacks a regulatory framework at the European Union level.
Dolfi, E., Masi, M., Yeter, G., Marrocco, E. S., Olivieri, G., Magnani, M., Del Giudice, T., Adinolfi, F., & Vecchio, Y. (2025). Beyond the plate: exploring next generation professionals’ views on cell-based meat. British Food Journal. https://doi.org/10.1108/BFJ-07-2024-0697
How do you want your steak? Attitudes of European consumers towards 3D printed meat
Abstract: Recent advances in 3D printing technology have provided a new opportunity for meat product manufacturing, promising customizable, healthy, and environmentally friendly products. However, the successful launch of 3D printed meat should be accompanied by a detailed assessment of consumers’ perception and acceptance of the products. The current study examined European consumer attitudes towards the consumption of 3D printed meat, particularly steak-like tissue derived from cultivated meat cells. The research involved 571 consumers across France, the Czech Republic, and Ireland. The questionnaire was divided into four categories: conventional meat consumption habits, factors affecting meat consumption, knowledge about 3D printed products, and willingness to try 3D printed food and meat. Path analysis was used to explore the effects of various factors on meat consumption habits and interest in 3D printed meat. The findings indicated that willingness to try 3D printed meat (steak) was significantly lower than for other 3D printed foods such as confectionery or pasta. Interest in 3D printed meat was primarily influenced by taste, economic value, environmental impact, religious reasons, and conventional meat consumption habits. The successful uptake of 3D printed meat would thus likely rely on it meeting its promise to have lower environmental impact, accompanied by a well-designed communication strategy that highlights this. From the perspective of producers, it will be crucial to focus on the final taste of the 3D printed steak, with the ultimate price of the meat also being a significant consideration.
Chaloupkova, P., Kokoskova, T., Ceacero, F., Durand, C., Onakuse, S., & Kokoska, L. (2025). How do you want your steak? Attitudes of European consumers towards 3D printed meat. Food Quality and Preference, 128, 105487. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodqual.2025.105487
Promoting sustainable consumption: The role of green marketing communication in plant-based meat alternative adoption
Abstract: This study investigates the factors influencing consumers’ green purchase decisions regarding plant-based meat alternatives, utilizing the Theory of Green Purchase Behavior (TGPB) and the Theory of Reasoned Action (TRA) as theoretical frameworks. The research explores critical determinants such as perceived health benefits, perceived quality, social norms, awareness of consequences, environmental concerns, and their impact on consumer attitudes and behavioral intentions. The moderating role of Green Marketing Communication (GMC) is also examined to understand how marketing strategies influence the relationship between these determinants and consumers’ purchase decisions. Empirical analysis was conducted using Partial Least Squares Structural Equation Modeling (PLS-SEM) on data collected from a diverse sample of consumers.The findings reveal that perceived health benefits and quality significantly enhance consumer attitudes toward plant-based meat, which strongly predicts behavioral intentions. Social norms and environmental concerns also play critical roles in shaping attitudes and behavioral intentions. Notably, Green Marketing Communication effectively moderates the relationships between social norms, attitudes, environmental concerns, and behavioral intentions, amplifying the impact of these factors on actual purchase decisions. This study provides valuable insights for marketers, policymakers, and businesses promoting sustainable consumption, with the potential to significantly influence consumer behavior toward adopting plant-based meat alternatives and thereby advance environmental sustainability and public health goals. Future research directions are suggested to explore the long-term effects of these factors on consumer loyalty and behavior across different cultural and demographic contexts.
Bandojo, A. J. P., & Etrata, Jr., A. E. (2025). Promoting sustainable consumption: The role of green marketing communication in plant-based meat alternative adoption. Review of Integrative Business and Economics Research. https://buscompress.com/uploads/3/4/9/8/34980536/riber_14-3_43_s24-283_628-647.pdf
Regulating cultured meat labels in the United States
n/a
Mousa, N. (2025). Regulating cultured meat labels in the United States. Colorado Environmental Law Journal. https://scholar.law.colorado.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1313&context=celj
Animal welfare
An internet of things framework for monitoring environmental conditions in livestock housing to improve animal welfare and assess environmental impact
Abstract: Devices for assessing the quality of animal environments are important for maintaining production animals, thus improving animal well-being and mitigating pollutant emissions. Therefore, an IoT system was developed and preliminarily assessed across various livestock housing types, including those for pigs, dairy cows, and rabbits. This system measures and transmits key parameters, such as ambient temperature; relative humidity; light intensity; sound pressure; levels of carbon dioxide, ammonia, and hydrogen sulfide; and particulate matter and volatile organic compound concentrations. These data are sent from the sensors to a gateway and then displayed on a dashboard for monitoring. A preliminary evaluation of the system’s performance in controlled conditions revealed that the device’s accuracy and precision were within 2.7% and 3.3% of the measured values, respectively. The system was deployed in three case studies involving rabbit, pig, and dairy cow farms. The results demonstrated its effectiveness in assessing pollutant emissions and identifying critical situations where gas concentrations exceeded threshold levels, thus posing a risk to the animals. By systematically applying this technology on livestock farms to obtain a detailed understanding of the microclimatic and air quality conditions in which the animals live, animal welfare can be significantly improved.
Provolo, G., Brandolese, C., Grotto, M., Marinucci, A., Fossati, N., Ferrari, O., Beretta, E., & Riva, E. (2025). An internet of things framework for monitoring environmental conditions in livestock housing to improve animal welfare and assess environmental impact. Animals : An Open Access Journal from MDPI, 15(5). https://doi.org/10.3390/ani15050644
Animal welfare, economic prosperity: Unlocking shared opportunities
Abstract: This paper demonstrates that good animal welfare is a strategic investment, highlighting its role in fostering economic resilience, sustainability and competitiveness in the European Union. Improved animal welfare reduces production costs, enhances product quality, drives innovation and strengthens global market positioning. By aligning policy with existing public demand for change, animal welfare represents the pathway to economic and ethical leadership in the European Union and beyond.
Eurogroup for Animals. (2025a). Animal welfare, economic prosperity: Unlocking shared opportunities. https://www.eurogroupforanimals.org/library/animal-welfare-economic-prosperity-unlocking-shared-opportunities
Beyond ordinal scales: making animal welfare count in policy analysis
Abstract: Animal welfare is typically assessed using ordinal scales. That is, standard welfare assessment tools rank conditions relative to one another without claiming that one condition is worse than another by some specific magnitude. However, there are some practical purposes for which ordinal scales are insufficient, such as accounting for animal welfare in policy analysis. Here, I argue that insofar as we want standard policy analysis tools to capture impacts on animal welfare in a way that is scope sensitive—that is, in a way that properly recognizes differences in the number of animals affected—we need ways of representing animal welfare on ratio scales, not merely ordinal ones. Then, I briefly explain how some economists, who play important roles in policy analysis, are beginning to do this without the assistance of animal welfare scientists, veterinarians, and others. So, this perspective article serves as a call to those stakeholders, inviting them to collaborate with economists and policy analysts to improve existing methods or develop better alternatives that meet current needs.
Fischer, B. (2025). Beyond ordinal scales: making animal welfare count in policy analysis. Frontiers in Veterinary Science, 12. https://doi.org/10.3389/fvets.2025.1556475
Outdoor access versus conventional broiler chicken production: Updated review of animal welfare, food safety, and meat quality
Abstract: Growing consumer demand for animal welfare and environmental sustainability in the poultry industry is driving the adoption of outdoor access for broiler chickens in the United States. However, shifting to outdoor access from conventional housing may pose tradeoffs for animal welfare, meat quality, and food safety. Research comparing conventional and outdoor access housing on these attributes has not been reviewed for approximately a decade. We reviewed and compared animal welfare, food safety, and meat quality outcomes in conventional versus outdoor access broiler production, focusing on recent research. Despite the prevailing notion that outdoor access improves animal welfare due to more behavioral opportunities, the utilization of the range is highly variable and affected by a variety of environmental, management, and bird characteristics. Outdoor areas containing vegetation and tree cover promote use by the birds, and slow-growing breeds appear to be best suited for these production systems. Typically, welfare-related health outcomes (i.e., footpad dermatitis, mortality, and lameness) are improved with outdoor access. However, birds with outdoor access are at a higher risk for endo- and ectoparasitic infections. Antimicrobial resistance is typically lower on outdoor access farms, and birds with outdoor access have more diverse microbiomes. There are mixed results for the prevalences of Salmonella and Campylobacter between conventional and outdoor access farms. Meat quality varies in complex ways related to rearing system, age, breed, diet, and behavior. Meat from outdoor access broilers may present better taste or flavor, yet there can be tradeoffs for texture and moisture, particularly for older, slower-growing breeds that are typical of outdoor access production. Taken together, studies to date indicate multiple benefits and tradeoffs for animal welfare, food safety, and meat quality. Variations in management between farms and certification criteria result in inconsistent outcomes. The majority of outdoor access research has been conducted outside of the United States. Region-specific research accounting for geography, climate, and available breeds would be beneficial for improving outdoor access production outcomes in the United States.
Campbell, Y. L., Walker, L. L., Bartz, B. M., Eckberg, J. O., & Pullin, A. N. (2025). Outdoor access versus conventional broiler chicken production: Updated review of animal welfare, food safety, and meat quality. Poultry Science, 104(4), 104906. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psj.2025.104906
Prevalence of ‘unacceptable’ UK farming practices
Abstract: The British public is overwhelmingly opposed to a litany of common farming practices. Using our own nationally representative polling data, we discussed this widespread disapproval in our insight ‘Acceptability of UK Farming Practices’. In fact, every single farming practice presented to respondents was deemed unacceptable by a large majority. Although all of these practices are considered common practice in the UK meat, dairy, and egg industries, exact prevalence rates are more difficult to come by. However, these rates are crucial, as they can help guide advocacy targets and strategies. Moreover, the public deserves this information, so that they may make informed decisions as consumers.
Hankins, E., & Bryant Research. (2025). Prevalence of ‘unacceptable’ UK farming practices. Bryant Research. https://bryantresearch.co.uk/insight-items/unacceptable-farming-practices/
The economic case for stunning in EU aquaculture
Abstract: Stunning at slaughter is urgently required in EU aquaculture, and the European Commission is looking to update the legislation on the protection of animals at the time of killing including for imports, which currently excludes farmed fish and other aquatic animals. This economic feasibility assessment shows the long-term benefits-improved animal welfare and stronger market competitiveness—make stunning a practical investment for EU aquaculture.
Eurogroup for Animals. (2025c). The economic case for stunning in EU aquaculture. https://www.eurogroupforanimals.org/library/economic-case-stunning-eu-aquaculture-executive-summary
The significant potential of robotics in animal welfare
Abstract: Robotics holds tremendous potential to revolutionize animal welfare by improving care, monitoring and management across various domains.From automated health monitoring systems in livestock, pets and wild animals to robotic surgical assistants and rehabilitation devices these technologies enhance the precision, efficiency and quality of veterinary and animal care. Robotics enables early detection of diseases, more accurate diagnostics, and less invasive treatments, which significantly reduce animal suffering and improve recovery outcomes. In livestock farming, robotics supports precision care, optimizing (re)productivity while ensuring animal health and welfare. For pets, robotic systems offer continuous monitoring and remote health management, making it easier to track their well-being and address health issues early. Additionally, robotics plays a critical role in wildlife conservation aiding in rehabilitation efforts that ensure animals are prepared for reintegration into their natural habitats. As advancements in artificial intelligence, sensor technology, and automation continue, the integration of robotics into animal welfare practices will expand further, leading to more humane and effective care. By reducing human error, enhancing monitoring and improving treatment options, robotics can transform the animal welfare, contributing to healthier, more sustainable and compassionate practices. As technological advances continue, the integration of robotics in animal welfare promises to revolutionize the way humans care for animals, improve animal welfare, and provide ethical solutions to many existing challenges. These developments not only enhance the well-being of animals but also provide tools for humans to manage animals more responsibly and compassionately, bridging the gap between innovation and humane treatment.
Borah, S., Soren, S., Gogoi, J., & Borah, B. (2025). The significant potential of robotics in animal welfare. International Journal of Life Sciences. https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Sanjib-Borah/publication/389255413_The_Significant_Potential_of_Robotics_in_Animal_Welfare/links/67ba8475645ef274a4904736/The-Significant-Potential-of-Robotics-in-Animal-Welfare.pdf
What is a better chicken? Exploring trade-offs between animal welfare and greenhouse gas emissions in higher-welfare broiler systems
Abstract: Due to the animal welfare concerns in conventional methods of rearing broilers, chicken raised for meat, there is a push towards transition to higher welfare methods. However, this results in trade-offs as some aspects of higher welfare systems reduce production efficiency and thus increase greenhouse gas emissions. These trade-offs have however rarely been studied. This study aims to further the understanding by comparing the impact of reducing stocking density and switching to slower-growing broiler hybrids on broiler welfare and greenhouse gas emissions. Impacts on broiler welfare were determined by synthesizing quantitative welfare indicators from recent studies which assessed the welfare of broilers at different stocking densities and/or growth rates. The impact on greenhouse gas emissions from introducing these changes were modelled for chicken meat produced in Swedish broiler systems. Then, the magnitude of trade-offs associated with a reduced stocking density and/or use of slower-growing broilers were determined based on how these impacted broiler welfare and greenhouse gas emissions. The largest trade-offs were found when using slower-growing hybrids, since while this increased broiler welfare considerably, it also increased greenhouse gas emissions. The magnitude of the trade-offs was largely dependent on the growth rate of the slower-growing hybrid. Slower growth rates increased feed intake, and hence greenhouse gas emissions, but increased greenhouse gas emissions were partly offset by reduced emissions from parent animals. Trade-offs were smaller when reducing the stocking density in broiler houses, due to a moderate improvement of welfare but only a slight impact on greenhouse gas emissions. This study highlights the existing tensions between improving broiler welfare and minimizing greenhouse gas emissions and the need for tools to navigate these trade-offs. However, as greenhouse gas emissions from broiler production remain considerably lower than those of other livestock when higher welfare methods are used, we question whether minimizing greenhouse gas emissions should be a priority when conflicting with improving broiler and breeder welfare.
Karlsson, L., Keeling, L., & Röös, E. (2025). What is a better chicken? Exploring trade-offs between animal welfare and greenhouse gas emissions in higher-welfare broiler systems. Sustainable Production and Consumption, 55, 203–216. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.spc.2025.02.015
Aquatic animal welfare
A review of behavioral testing in decapod shrimp (Caridea) and prawns (Dendrobranchiata) with applications for welfare assessment in aquaculture
Abstract: Evolving societal expectations are driving increasing interest in the welfare of decapod crustaceans, such as prawns and shrimp, grown in aquaculture. A key aspect of understanding an animal’s welfare-related needs is through assessing their behavior to determine how the animal is perceiving and interacting with their environment. Behavioral testing has been applied to livestock animals for decades, providing insight into their wants and needs to guide housing structure design and husbandry practices that improve their welfare. This review collated studies that have applied behavioral testing, primarily at the individual level, to decapod shrimp and prawns in the Dendrobranchiata and Caridea sub- and infra-orders respectively. This review aims to understand the types of assessments that can be successfully applied to these taxa, and what the results of testing may be able to inform us about in regard to the welfare of these species. While the sentience capabilities of these decapod taxa is still under debate, the behavioral testing applied to date across varying species demonstrates they exhibit preferences across multiple contexts, individual differences indicative of personality, cognitive capabilities, and behavioral indicators consistent with negative affective states. There is scope to learn from livestock welfare assessment using behavioral testing and increase the research focused on penaeid shrimp and prawn species of aquaculture interest. Application and validation of new behavioral tests can guide system optimization for aquaculture shrimp and prawns in relation to the welfare of the animals.
Campbell, D. L. M., & Lee, C. (2025). A review of behavioral testing in decapod shrimp (Caridea) and prawns (Dendrobranchiata) with applications for welfare assessment in aquaculture. PeerJ, 13, e18883. https://doi.org/10.7717/peerj.18883
Early-life environmental enrichment promotes positive animal welfare for juvenile Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) in aquaculture research
Abstract: Early life experiences have long-lasting effects on behaviour and physiology, influencing development of adaptive natural behaviours. Enriching farmed environments encourages expression of natural behaviours in captive fish, promoting positive animal welfare, important for conducting valid and reproducible research and informing better management practices. Using juvenile Atlantic Salmon (Salmo salar), we tested whether provision of environmental enrichment in early life improves welfare. Welfare indicators were measured comparing enriched to non-enriched tanks. Morphological (fin damage and body condition), physiological (plasma cortisol) and behavioural traits (activity, group cohesion, and neophobia) were recorded. Molecular expression of brain mRNA transcripts related to stress response, neuroplasticity and serotonergic system was analysed. Environmental enrichment did not affect morphological welfare indicators, activity, or cortisol. Enriched fish were more cohesive than non-enriched fish, less neophobic, with higher serotonergic turnover, suggesting enrichment mitigates against stress, promoting positive emotional states. Genes related to neuronal development and activity (bdnf and ndf1), cellular stress (hsp90 and hsp70), and serotonin synthesis (tph2) increased in enriched fish following stress, enhancing cognitive function. Our findings suggest early life environmental enrichment is advantageous for positive animal welfare by improving emotional states in captive environments, ensuring animals are free of negative experiences and able to access positive ones.
Prentice, P. M., Chivite Alcalde, M., Císař, P., & Rey Planellas, S. (2025). Early-life environmental enrichment promotes positive animal welfare for juvenile Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) in aquaculture research. Scientific Reports, 15(1), 5828. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-025-88780-0
Replacing fish meal with plant proteins and amino acids: Effects on growth and physiology
Abstract: The objective of this work is to compare the capacity of fish meal to be replaced by plant protein sources; soy protein concentrate (SPC) and wheat gluten meal (WGM) with essential amino acids (EAAs). The first objective was to assess the effects of this replacement on growth rate, feed conversion, metabolic shift, and sustainability of the aquaculture industry. The results indicated that EAAs supplemented plant diets resulted in comparable gain in body weight, SGR and FCR as those obtained with fish meal. The supplementation with EAAs enhanced protein utilization hence supplementing amino acid deficiencies in the plant products used in the formulation improving feed conversion rate. Biochemical and hematological analysis of the fish showed that the fish was normal in its biochemical parameter, immunity and stress, which implies that feed formulated from plant source did not in any way threaten the health status of the fish. On the whole, the outcomes clearly indicate the notion that the utilization of the plant-originated protein through the utilization of the required amino acids will be beneficial for elevating high level reactions in the immune systems as well as improving the overall physiology of the aquaculture species. In addition, the research emphasizes the ecological and economic impact of fish meal with substitute plant proteins since it minimizes the dependency on marine stocks, and reduces feed costs, as a result it enhances the efficiency of the aquaculture systems. Therefore, this study concludes that for SPC and WGM when supplemented with essential AA are possible replacers of fish meal and the technique seems to hold bright future in sustainable fish production. This means that; the future studies require the accumulation of more detailed data on protein formulations in the plant that improves feed quality besides considering the endogenous impacts on health, fertility, growth, and resistance to diseases in fish. Consequently, it is possible to state that the outcomes derived belong to the degree determining the readiness to use plant-based diets within the framework of increasing consumers’ selfish consumption and developing the practice of ecoal friendly aquaculture methods.
Shoaib, H. M., & Shakeel, M. (2024). Replacing fish meal with plant proteins and amino acids: Effects on growth and physiology. Global Journal of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, 1(2), 1–22. https://doi.org/10.70445/gjvas.1.2.2024.1-22
Tilapia welfare training in Egypt is lacking – But the benefits are undeniable
Abstract: Fish are the most farmed vertebrates on the planet, yet their welfare is often ignored. In this project with Ethical Seafood Research, we surveyed 104 tilapia farmers in Egypt. The results revealed gaps in knowledge and training on fish welfare, highlighting an urgent opportunity and need for change. Without action, billions of fish could continue to suffer in bad conditions. It’s time to prioritize ethical aquaculture.
Bryant Research, & Flores, C. (2025, February). Tilapia welfare training in Egypt is lacking – But the benefits are undeniable. https://bryantresearch.co.uk/insight-items/tilapia-welfare-training/
Attitudes toward veg*nism
A cross-cultural examination of individual differences in human attitudes about animals
Abstract: In this study we examined variation in three human attitudes towards animals—speciesism, belief in sentience, and rationalizing animal consumption—across Eastern and Western cultures and demographic characteristics within cultures, and whether individual predictors vary as a function of culture. Analyses were based on 20,996 participants from 23 countries. We examined mean-level differences and associations with inter-individual differences in multi-group confirmatory factor analysis models across both countries and Eastern/Western groups. Participants from Western countries reported much lower speciesism and somewhat higher beliefs in animals’ capacity to experience emotions, but cultural differences in rationalizing animal consumption were small and less culturally systematic. In both culture groups, being female and more left-leaning was associated with lower speciesism and acceptance of animal consumption. Whereas stronger beliefs in animal sentience were associated with lower speciesism in Western but not Eastern countries, they also co-occurred with stronger justifications for land and sea animal consumption in both culture groups—suggesting that the more one believes that animals are sentient, the more cognitive effort is required to consume them. This study provides new insights into how cultural factors affect and interplay with individual factors regarding attitudes toward animals.
Hopwood, C. J., Olaru, G., Nissen, A. T., Graça, J., Dillard, C., Thompkins, A. M., & Waldhorn, D. R. (2025). A cross-cultural examination of individual differences in human attitudes about animals. Personality Science, 6. https://doi.org/10.1177/27000710251321367
Exploring Gen Z’s attitudes towards animals and the environment
Abstract: Looking across the U.S., China, Indonesia, and Thailand, this study examines Gen Z’s attitudes, motivations, career considerations, and barriers to action, offering insights for those looking to engage and support the next generation of animal advocates.
Faunalytics, Sinclair, M., Stennett, J., & Chung, J. Y. (2025). Exploring Gen Z’s attitudes towards animals and the environment. https://faunalytics.org/exploring-gen-zs-attitudes-towards-animals-and-the-environment/
Climate change and sustainability
Animal ethics in the climate change debates
Introduction: The article examined the lack of inclusion of nonhuman animals in international climate change reports and public policies, especially in bodies such as the IPCC and UNFCCC. Despite recognizing the contribution of extensive livestock farming to greenhouse gas emissions, these institutions omitted interspecies ethical considerations in their mitigation strategies. The research raised the need to debate the role of nonhuman animals in environmental policies and proposed an animal ethics approach for their integration.
Development: The analysis of the IPCC and UNFCCC reports evidenced an anthropocentric bias in the design of climate policies, prioritizing exclusively human welfare. It was argued that this reductionist view has made invisible the moral relevance of animals and their role in the climate crisis. In addition, five possible explanations for their exclusion were discussed, including the lack of political representation of animals and the perception that their welfare is indirectly addressed through biodiversity protection.
Conclusions: It was concluded that it is urgent to reformulate the debate on climate change from an interspecies ethical perspective. Including animals as political subjects in public policies would make it possible to move towards a more holistic and sustainable approach. Finally, it was proposed the adoption of regulatory frameworks that guarantee the protection of animal interests, recognizing them as individuals with rights within the global climate agenda.
Granados Mora, J. (2025). Animal ethics in the climate change debates. Multidisciplinar (Montevideo), 3, 205. https://doi.org/10.62486/agmu2025205
Climate change impacts on livestock and resulting effects on animal health: current challenges in food safety, consumer protection, and animal welfare
Abstract: In 2024, catastrophic floods swept through Italy’s Emilia-Romagna region, devastating communities and agricultural lands. These floods were just one of many extreme climate events in recent years- alongside record-breaking wildfires in Canada and the United States in 2023–2024 and Australia’s infamous’Black Summer’ of 2019–2020. As these events escalate in frequency and intensity, the link between human-driven climate change and its devastating effects becomes undeniable. Among the industries contributing significantly to this crisis, the food supply chain – particularly intensive livestock farming, which exacerbates greenhouse gas emissions, deforestation, and biodiversity loss – plays a significant role, raising urgent questions about how we produce and consume food in a warming world. Furthermore, we must also consider that a warming and polluted world represent a danger to all forms of live, including humans and animals. In fact, the impact of these changes on animals and their welfare is profound, with significant implications for consumer protection. In intensive farming systems, extreme weather events such as floods, heatwaves, and wildfires often leave animals trapped in unsafe conditions, suffering from dehydration, starvation, or death. Additionally, the stress and overcrowding of animals in factory farms increase the risk of zoonotic disease outbreaks, threatening both public health and food safety. Consumers increasingly demand humane and sustainable practices in the food industry, recognizing the link between animal welfare, environmental sustainability, and their own well-being.
Sicuso, D. A., Previti, A., Pugliese, M., & Passantino, A. (2025). Climate change impacts on livestock and resulting effects on animal health: current challenges in food safety, consumer protection, and animal welfare. Journal of Consumer Protection and Food Safety, 20(1), 1–3. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00003-025-01544-w
How sustainable are hospital menus in the United Kingdom? Identifying untapped potential based on a novel scoring system for plant-based provisions
BACKGROUND: Adopting plant-forward diets is essential for achieving climate targets. As the second-largest provider of public sector meals in the UK, the National Health Service (NHS) can significantly reduce its environmental impact by transitioning to plant-forward menus, contributing to its goal of being a net-zero healthcare service by 2045. This study evaluates the extent to which NHS hospitals currently align with sustainable practices by assessing the plant-forward nature of in-patient menus.
METHODS: Green Plans from 40 hospital trusts were analysed to assess commitment to plant-forward, lower-emission menus. Freedom of Information requests were sent to 50 NHS trusts, and 36 menus from the spring/summer season of 2024 were analysed. A novel scoring system was developed to assess the hospital menus, with subscores reflecting the availability of plant-based meals, ruminant-meat meals, and menu strategies to encourage plant-forward choices.
RESULTS: Green Plans showed limited commitment to increasing plant-based food options. Hospital menus scored poorly overall (average score of 20/100, range: 9-38). The lowest subscores were observed in the provision of fully plant-based meals and nudging techniques. The provision of ruminant meat varied (subscore range: 0-100) and all hospitals included processed meat on their menu. Hospitals with outsourced catering scored higher than those with in-house catering.
CONCLUSION: Despite national recommendations to shift towards plant-forward diets, NHS hospitals currently show little commitment and provide limited offerings in this regard. The novel scoring system offers a practical framework for monitoring progress and guiding hospitals towards environmentally sustainable, plant-forward menus.
Sadler, I., Bauer, A., & Kassam, S. (2025). How sustainable are hospital menus in the United Kingdom? Identifying untapped potential based on a novel scoring system for plant-based provisions. Journal of Human Nutrition and Dietetics: The Official Journal of the British Dietetic Association, 38(1), e70019. https://doi.org/10.1111/jhn.70019
Increased transparency in accounting conventions could benefit climate policy
Abstract: Greenhouse gas accounting conventions were first devised in the 1990’s to assess and compare emissions. Several assumptions were made when framing conventions that remain in practice, however recent advances offer potentially more consistent and inclusive accounting of greenhouse gases. We apply these advances, namely: gross accounting of CO2 sources; linking land use emissions with sectors; using Effective Radiative Forcing (ERF) rather than Global Warming Potentials (GWPs) to compare emissions; including both warming and cooling emissions, and including loss of additional sink capacity (LASC). We compare these results with conventional accounting and find that this approach boosts perceived carbon emissions from deforestation, and finds agriculture, the most extensive land user, to be the leading emissions sector and to have caused 60% (32%-87%) of ERF change since 1750. We also find that fossil fuels are responsible for 18% of ERF, a reduced contribution due to masking from cooling co-emissions. We test the validity of this accounting and find it useful for determining sector responsibility for present-day warming and for framing policy responses, while recognising the dangers of assigning value to cooling emissions, due to health impacts and future warming.
Wedderburn-Bisshop, G. (2025). Increased transparency in accounting conventions could benefit climate policy. Environmental Research Letters. https://doi.org/10.1088/1748-9326/adb7f2
Dietary change interventions
Acceptability and effect on food choices of incentives promoting more sustainable diets among low-income consumers: A qualitative study
In the context of rising food costs, low-income consumers are likely to lack financial access to a sustainable diet primarily composed of healthy plant-based food. To promote a change towards more sustainable food habits, vouchers for fruit, vegetables and legumes redeemable in supermarkets have been experimented in the urban area of Dijon (France). The objective of the study was to explore the acceptability of the intervention and the effects of the vouchers on food choices through participants’ perceptions. Face-to-face semi-structured interviews were conducted with twenty-seven participants, three months after the end of the intervention. The transcripts were analysed through inductive then deductive content analysis, following a process evaluation framework with two themes related to the implementation and the mechanisms of impact of the intervention. Implementation issues and feelings of discrimination were mentioned, but satisfaction was high and vouchers were considered to improve the financial situation, although the restriction on the targeted products was not always understood. Regarding the mechanisms of impact, during the intervention period, two third of the participants, especially families with young children, attached greater importance to taste and curiosity for unfamiliar food and lesser importance to price. Vouchers thus led to food purchases of higher diversity and higher enjoyment. Other participants did not change their habits, mostly because of an improper use of the vouchers or the absence of motivation for a dietary change. These findings suggest that financial incentives not only increase access to sustainable food, but also influence food choice processes and contribute to greater acceptability of plant-based food in low-income families. The results call for financial incentives to be considered as an opportunity to support changes in dietary behaviour in low-income populations.
Verdeau, B., Denieul-Barbot, A., & Monnery-Patris, S. (2025). Acceptability and effect on food choices of incentives promoting more sustainable diets among low-income consumers: A qualitative study. Appetite, 107903. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.appet.2025.107903
Beyond the individual: testing and applying a collective protection motivation model for pro-environmental behaviors
Abstract: In the face of complex and urgent environmental crises, researchers increasingly advocate for transformation-oriented approaches that consider the scale of changes required. This paper introduces a Collective Protection Motivation (CPM) model, which builds upon Protection Motivation Theory’s (PMT) robust analysis of personal decision-making and integrates recent findings from collective environmental action research. Specifically, the CPM model adapts PMT’s appraisal processes to account for the collective and large-scale dimensions of climate change in terms of both impact and required responses. Two correlational studies tested the CPM model’s structure and predictive power in multi-level pro-environmental behavioral intentions through structural equation modeling analyses. Study 1 (N=928) focused on general pro-environmental behavioral intentions, while Study 2 (N=402) examined initiatives for reducing meat consumption-production. The results supported the overall structure of the CPM model, validating the collective conceptualizations of threat, coping, and costs-rewards appraisals. The model also successfully predicted a significant proportion of behavioral intentions. Notably, the model’s most innovative construct – collective coping, which incorporates the ability to envision sustainable futures (cognitive alternatives) – demonstrated systematic predictive power in individuals’ intentions to adopt general and specific pro-environmental behaviors. While further research is needed to confirm its generalizability, the CPM model offers a promising framework for understanding the decision-making processes behind both individual and collective pro-environmental actions. It emphasizes the contribution of cognitive alternatives to the subjective sense of collective agency and highlights the importance of merging individual and collective approaches to better understand the psychological drivers behind support for large-scale ecological transformations.
Chevrier, M., Bosone, L., Zenasni, F., & Delhomme, P. (2025). Beyond the individual: testing and applying a collective protection motivation model for pro-environmental behaviors. Current Psychology. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12144-025-07517-4
Bridging the knowledge gap: Mapping carbon emissions to food items facilitates choices of plant-based over animal-based items
Abstract: Consumers generally underestimate the difference in GHG emissions between animal-based and plant-based items. Existing carbon labels primarily focus on enhancing metric knowledge (i.e., the general GHG emission levels of a food product) yet neglect to improve mapping knowledge (i.e., the relative differences between different food items). This research proposes the “item mapping” carbon labeling strategy, designed to link GHG emissions to food items (i.e., animal- vs. plant-based). Five pre-registered experiments document that the item mapping label (i) reduces the knowledge gap in GHG emissions between animal- versus plant-based food items and (ii) reduces animal-based food choices. The item mapping label is particularly effective at decreasing animal-based food choices for consumers with higher sustainable eating involvement, which is associated with higher knowledge overconfidence (i.e., consumers believe that they know more than they actually do). These findings offer insights into designing carbon labels that facilitate sustainable food choices.
Cadario, R., Li, Y., & Klesse, A.-K. (2025). Bridging the knowledge gap: Mapping carbon emissions to food items facilitates choices of plant-based over animal-based items. Appetite, 107910. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.appet.2025.107910
Consumer preferences for organic, animal welfare-friendly, and locally produced meat in workplace canteens: Results of a discrete choice experiment in Germany
Abstract: Although Germany is one of the biggest markets for organic food, this holds true only for the retail sector, while the sales share of organic food in the country’s out-of-home consumption sector remains remarkably low. Since workplace canteens constitute a major subsector within Germany’s out-of-home consumption sector, increasing the consumption of organic food in canteens would help contribute to more sustainable agricultural and food systems. To inform future efforts aimed at realising this potential, we conducted an online choice experiment with 834 regular canteen customers in Germany to identify their preferences for dishes with meat from organic, animal welfare-friendly, and local production. Data analysis using mixed logit models revealed that a label for organic production and a label for higher animal welfare standards had significant positive effects on participants’ choices of meat dishes. Although these labels had considerably less influence on choices than the dishes themselves and their prices, our results show participants were willing to pay moderately higher prices for canteen dishes with these labels. By contrast, the effects of a label indicating local origin and a label marked “top-rated dish by our guests” (representing a descriptive social norm) were only significant in the case of single dishes. We outline several policy approaches to increase the share of more sustainably produced food in workplace canteens.
Möstl, A., Janssen, M., & Zander, K. (2025). Consumer preferences for organic, animal welfare-friendly, and locally produced meat in workplace canteens: Results of a discrete choice experiment in Germany. Food Quality and Preference, 127, 105463. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodqual.2025.105463
Eat more plants vs. eat less meat: Do-more-good frames increase climate action likelihood and anticipated happiness compared to do-less-bad frames
Abstract: Calls for climate action often emphasize the need to reduce harm, such as by eating less meat, driving less, and shopping less. A more productive approach, however, may be to encourage people to do more good. To compare the two approaches, we conducted two pre-registered online experiments in which participants were randomly assigned to either a do-more-good condition or a do-less-bad condition. The do-more-good condition presented 15 actions framed so that doing more of each action would benefit the environment (e.g., eat more plants). In the do-less-bad condition, the 15 actions were framed so that doing less of each action would benefit the environment (e.g., eat less meat). In Experiment 1 (N=779), participants were more likely to take climate action and felt happier about doing so in the do-more-good condition than in the do-lessbad condition. Experiment 2 (N=770) replicated these results and showed that participants viewed doing more good as easier than doing less bad. These findings provide implications for climate communication, suggesting that calls for climate action can benefit from encouraging desired behaviors rather than discouraging undesired behaviors.
Radke, J., Guan, S., Dunn, E. W., & Zhao, J. (2025). Eat more plants vs. eat less meat: Do-more-good frames increase climate action likelihood and anticipated happiness compared to do-less-bad frames. https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.5119808
Eating contexts encourage sustainable food choices: The mediating role of the symbolic meanings of foods
Abstract: Many studies have examined how to reduce meat consumption and promote sustainable consumption, but very few studies have addressed this issue within the framework of the social contexts of eating. We conducted two experiments to examine how the context of commensal eating might influence people’s food choices. In Experiment 1, we asked participants to imagine eating alone or with others, and then to choose three dishes from a choice set consisting of two meat and two vegetable dishes, so they had to choose between a meat-heavy meal and a vegetable-forward meal. Consequently, the participants showed a stronger choice preference for the meat-heavy meals in commensal eating compared to solitary eating, and the symbolic meaning of foods mediated this effect. In Experiment 2, participants were divided into different groups and primed with beliefs regarding the symbolic meanings of certain foods before making food choices. Consequently, the participants chose fewer meat-heavy meals in commensal eating after they were primed with the belief that vegetables could symbolize status and wealth, compared to those without such priming. Collectively, these findings reveal the mechanisms underlying the effect of commensality on the choices of meat-heavy meals, which has implications for nudging people toward making sustainable food choices in social settings.
Wang, C., & Wan, X. (2025). Eating contexts encourage sustainable food choices: The mediating role of the symbolic meanings of foods. Appetite, 107896. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.appet.2025.107896
Exploring the role of adolescents in healthier, more sustainable family meals: A decision study on meat consumption
OBJECTIVE: Can children’s preferences make family meals healthier and more sustainable? Extending cultural evolution theory, we explored the children’s role in a possible bottom-up transmission of meat preferences to their parents in the context of family meals.
METHODS: Fifty-seven parent-child dyads from Germany (age: Mchildren = 15.9 years, Mparents = 50.5 years; 67% daughters, 93% mothers; 14% of children and 0% of parents followed a vegetarian/vegan diet; 82% of children were still in school; 42% of parents had a bachelor’s degree or higher) decided on a family meal through discussion, which was videotaped. Before and after discussing, dyad members separately stated their preferred meat proportion for the family meal.
RESULTS: In contrast to our hypotheses, on average children neither preferred less meat nor had a stronger influence on meat proportions in family meals than their parents. Daughters-despite a considerably lower preference for meat-did not reduce meat at family meals more than sons. Rather than demographic characteristics (i.e., age, gender), it was specific behaviors of children or dyads that predicted stronger influence on and eventually lower proportion of meat at family meals. These specific behaviors were following a vegetarian/vegan diet, general conflicts about meat-related aspects of family meals, and-in tendency-mentioning sustainability arguments in discussions.
CONCLUSIONS: Children can be part of the change toward healthier and more sustainable family foodways-which could improve the family’s health-if they themselves eat accordingly and actively advocate for it.
Mata, J., Knobl, V., & Takezawa, M. (2025). Exploring the role of adolescents in healthier, more sustainable family meals: A decision study on meat consumption. Appetite, 107916. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.appet.2025.107916
I eat, therefore I am? Revealing differences and incongruences in dietary identities among omnivores and flexitarians in Europe
Abstract: Sustainable diets have been forwarded as initiatives to mitigate the impact of current food consumption towards health and the environment. For instance, adopting a flexitarian diet and reducing the consumption of animal-sourced food (ASF) is said to help limit the rate of food system greenhouse gas emissions. However, much remains to be explored on how individuals associate themselves with alternative diets. In filling this gap, self-declared omnivores and flexitarians from ten European countries (N = 5870) were surveyed to determine how they identify with a particular diet, considering their food preferences and consumption frequency of ASF and ASF substitutes. The analysis of the data revealed that flexitarians seemed to consume more plant-based alternatives than omnivores, yet their consumption of ASF remained comparable. A series of segmentation analyses likewise revealed that some individuals (N = 563, 34.2%) reporting as flexitarians seemed to behave similarly to conventional omnivores and conversely, some omnivores (N = 1202, 28.5%) behaved similarly to conventional flexitarians in terms of food consumption frequencies. Moreover, significant associations with consuming plant-based food were found when considering the current readiness level of the respondent to transform diets. Taken together, the findings of this study show that identifying with a particular dietary lifestyle is contingent on how individuals set personal thresholds to qualify for a particular diet, thereby providing implications to the way nutritional guidelines frame and define recommendations for dietary patterns.
Simoun, B., Berre, D., Listia, R., Ilona, F., Michael, B. F., Federico J A, P.-C., Elsa, G., Emanuele, Z., Joachim Jietse, S., & Hans, D. S. (2025). I eat, therefore I am? Revealing differences and incongruences in dietary identities among omnivores and flexitarians in Europe. Appetite, 107893. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.appet.2025.107893
Implementing menu nudges
Abstract: This study seeks to establish the efficacy of a range of nudges in a restaurant setting, so as to provide insights and guidance to food retailers and other stakeholders on effective animal product reduction strategies.
Bryant Research, Arora, R., Bryant, C., Flores, C., & Nicholles, B. (2025). Implementing menu nudges. https://bryantresearch.co.uk/insight-items/meat-nudges/
Navigating family dynamics in the transition to a plant-forward diet: The role of social support
Abstract: While sustainable diets have predominantly been examined through the lens of individual decision-making, growing evidence underscores the critical role of relational dynamics in the adoption and maintenance of such practices. This study examined the role of relational climate (i.e. cohesion and flexibility) in governing how family units navigate dietary change. Eighty-four individuals who were pursuing a plant-forward diet participated in a 14-day smartphone-based experience sampling study, where they provided qualitative diary entries and quantitative ratings of food consumption, family support, coordination, and tension. Baseline, out-take, and 2-week follow-up surveys investigated the moderating effects of relational climate, as well as change in food consumption, dietary “stage of change,” goal achievement and commitment. Participants from balanced cohesive family systems reported receiving more support in their dietary goal, which in turn, was related to lower animal-product consumption and greater goal achievement and commitment. This work highlights the importance of family-based social support for bolstering more sustainable eating practices and offers novel insights for engaging household systems in the transition toward a greener food system.
Gregson, R., & Piazza, J. (2025). Navigating family dynamics in the transition to a plant-forward diet: The role of social support. The Journal of Social Psychology, 1–21. https://doi.org/10.1080/00224545.2025.2467989
“Planting” meat substitutes in the meat shelf: An online and two supermarket field experiments to explore the effect of placing meat substitutes next to meat
Abstract: Positioning of retail assortments is a powerful way to create a choice architecture that facilitates consumers’ sustainable product choices, for example the shift from animal-derived to plant-based proteins which benefits both planetary and public health. From the perspective of categorisation theory, we investigate whether changing choice architecture, specifically positioning meat substitutes in the meat shelf, increases purchases of meat substitutes and decreases meat sales, in two field experiments in two large supermarket chains in The Netherlands and a lab experiment. In field Study 1a, we positioned all meat substitutes in the meat shelf, which backfired and led to a decrease in meat substitute sales. In lab Study 1b, we explored the effect of merging meat substitutes into the meat shelf which shifted meat substitutes towards the meat category in the mind of consumers. In field Study 2, we placed a selection of meat substitutes in the meat shelf, while maintaining a separate vegetarian shelf. Positioning a selection of meat substitutes in the meat shelf led to an increase in meat substitute sales over the long term, especially amongst meat-eaters and flexitarians. However, meat sales did not decrease in both field studies. Maintaining a separate vegetarian shelf is important to keep serving meat reducers (i.e., vegans, vegetarians, and flexitarians). Altering choice architecture in the supermarket is an effective tool in enhancing sales of meat substitutes and sustainable alternatives in general.
van der Meer, M., Schruff-Lim, E. M., Onwezen, M. C., & Fischer, A. R. H. (2025). “Planting” meat substitutes in the meat shelf: An online and two supermarket field experiments to explore the effect of placing meat substitutes next to meat. Journal of Retailing and Consumer Services, 84, 104223. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jretconser.2025.104223
Retail practices for plant-based meat alternatives in Italy
PURPOSE:
This study explores in-store retail sales practices for alternative protein products in Italy, with a focus on plant-based meat alternatives (PBMAs) compared to conventional meat products. It also investigates PBMA across different brand and business protein orientations to uncover disparities in retail practices, with attention to conventional and discount retailing.
DESIGN/METHODOLOGY/APPROACH:
Data are collected in Bologna, a mid-size metropolitan area in Italy, during autumn 2023. The methodology involved conducting in-person store audits across ten supermarkets and hypermarkets. The data collected encompasses variables such as protein type, product format, price, promotions, product shelf placement and protein orientation. Data elaboration includes Analysis of variance (ANOVA) testing and multivariate linear regression.
FINDINGS:
Results support that retail management practices price PBMA higher, offer fewer promotions and place them in the “ready-to-eat” department versus the meat department, if compared to conventional meat products. This suggests that Italian retailers do not consider PBMA as a direct alternative to the meat, but rather as a distinct food product category with its own retail management practices. The study also reveals that PBMA brand and business protein-orientation management practices influence pricing and sales. Retailers’ managerial approach shapes PBMA sales and consumer purchasing behavior.
ORIGINALITY/VALUE:
The study is pioneering research on retailers and PBMA, a rapidly expanding food category. It focuses on Italy, a country where interest in alternative protein products remains limited but shows significant potential for growth. Finally, it provides a detailed analysis of in-store retail food management practices balancing PBMA with conventional meat products.
Samoggia, A., Rossi, G., Macaione, G., & Guidotto, A. (2025). Retail practices for plant-based meat alternatives in Italy. The Internet Journal of Rescue and Disaster Medicine, 53(13), 41–55. https://doi.org/10.1108/IJRDM-07-2024-0342
Taking action through stories: Promoting carbon-neutral meat consumption with narrative and message framing
Abstract: Carbon-neutral meat products offer a unique opportunity to reduce anthropogenic emissions. Supporting the growth of carbon-neutral meat is carbon labelling, an initiative to encourage environmentally friendly behaviour via information transparency. However, the efficacy of carbon labels remains questionable because consumers mainly cannot comprehend and connect with the labels. This raises a question of how communication could be leveraged to bridge that information asymmetry. Through five online controlled experiments, the study demonstrates the usefulness of narrative storytelling and message framing in heightening the effectiveness of carbon labels. Using realistic meat packaging designs with high ecological validity, the results show that even a simple and short-form narrative could be effective in enhancing the efficacy of carbon labels. Follow-up studies repeatedly demonstrate that the positive effect of narrative is accentuated by pairing with a gain-framed message. The effect of such a pairing was underpinned by a heightened feeling of certainty regarding the carbon-neutral meat’s environmental impact message comprehension. The findings present a simple but often-forgotten notion that consumers seek optimal decisions with minimal cognitive effort. Hence, when given an alternative that is less cognitively demanding (to decode a message), consumers often prefer such a choice as it was reflected by a favourable attitude and heightened intent to purchase.
Duong, C., Sung, B., Wang, X., & Chong, A. W. C. (2025). Taking action through stories: Promoting carbon-neutral meat consumption with narrative and message framing. Appetite, 107895. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.appet.2025.107895
The effectiveness of mobile app-based interventions in facilitating behaviour change towards healthier and more sustainable diets: A systematic review and meta-analysis
Background: Digital health apps have been shown to influence healthy eating, but whether they can promote environmentally friendly diets remains unclear. Our systematic review and meta-analysis aimed to investigate the effectiveness of mobile apps in facilitating more sustainable and healthier diets among adults from high-income countries.
Methods: We searched MEDLINE, EMBASE, PsycINFO, CINAHL, Global Health, GreenFILE, Web of Science, Cochrane Trials, and ClinicalTrials.gov from inception until Jan 20, 2025, for app-based intervention studies assessing the consumption of fruit and vegetables, legumes, nuts, fish, dairy, and/or meat. For outcomes measured in at least two studies, we conducted random effects meta-analysis and meta-regression.
Findings: Of the 7356 records screened, 21 were included. Eight studies scored ‘high’, 11 scored ‘fair’, and two scored ‘low’ for reporting transparency. Combined, the studies analysed 12,898 participants, interventions lasted from three days to six months, and outcomes were assessed up to 12 months post-intervention. Meta-analysis indicated that app use led to increased fruit and vegetable consumption (0·48 portions/day, 95% CI 0·18, 0·78, p=0·002) and a small decrease in meat consumption (-0·10 portions/day, 95% CI -0·16, -0·03, p=0·004). Meta-regression revealed that message-based content was particularly effective in promoting meat reduction.
Interpretation: Our results indicate that apps could be a valuable addition to the multiple interventions required to promote sustainable diets. However, to strengthen the evidence for outcomes beyond fruit and vegetables, we need evaluations with standardised reporting of populations and intervention components.
Curtin, E., Green, R., Brown, K. A., Nájera Espinosa, S., Chandrasekar, A., Hopkins, L., Turner, G., Alae-Carew, C., Ullian, K., & Scheelbeek, P. (2025). The effectiveness of mobile app-based interventions in facilitating behaviour change towards healthier and more sustainable diets: A systematic review and meta-analysis. https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.5153455
The influence of labels on the front of in vitro chicken meat packaging on the choice behavior of German consumers
Abstract: Regarding the food production challenges associated with conventional meat production, in vitro meat offers a potential solution in terms of environmental protection and animal welfare. However, to ensure a possible establishment on the market, the current consumer acceptance has to be increased. Since labels on product packaging have already been shown in past studies to be a suitable tool to influence consumer purchase behavior, this paper investigates the influence of different labels on the front of product packaging of in vitro meat on the choice behavior of German consumers using the example of chicken meat to identify appropriate labels. For this purpose, a choice experiment was conducted using an online survey from which 200 data sets of German consumers were obtained. In addition to the label, the participants could select in vitro chicken meat products with different attributes, including price, origin, and calories. Subsequently, using latent class analysis, respondents were classified into four consumer segments that differed in product preferences, personal inputs, and attitudes. Based on the data, it was then possible to conduct a market simulation that analyzed various potential market strategies that provide prospects for the potential use of the labels on in vitro chicken meat packaging.
Voelker, J., Oestreich, H. M., & Meyerding, S. (2025). The influence of labels on the front of in vitro chicken meat packaging on the choice behavior of German consumers. https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.5127028
Willingness to pay: an interrogation
Abstract: Both free markets and government regulators tend to use willingness to pay (WTP) as the measure of value of goods that people do not own, and willingness to accept (WTA) as the measure of value of goods that people do own. The challenge is WTP and WTA are not perfect proxies for the welfare effects of buying or selling goods, especially when people do not have experience with those goods. The reason for use of WTP and WTA is not that they are perfect, but that they seem to be the best and the most administrable method for capturing the relevant welfare effects. At the same time, WTP and WTA might be infected by a lack of information, by behavioral biases, and by hedonic forecasting errors (all of these might be either cured or aggravated by market processes). Challenges also arise when WTP is low because people do not have money and when distributional weights might be necessary to align WTP or WTA with welfare effects. There are questions about how to proceed when WTA is much higher than WTP for the same goods; the WTP-WTA disparity has yet to be fully understood. These questions are especially challenging when valuing environmental amenities, animal welfare, and social media.
Sunstein, C. R. (2025). Willingness to pay: an interrogation. https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.5145225
Human-animal relations
Ours is a speciesist world, really
Abstract: To date, much of the speciesism debate has centered on an ethical question: Can speciesism be justified, or is it immoral, as the analogy with racism suggests? Another question has received less attention: How prevalent is speciesism? Animal ethicists have largely assumed that speciesism is pervasive in our societies. After all, almost everyone routinely treats animals in ways they would never treat fellow humans. This widespread assumption is now being challenged. Some philosophers are beginning to question whether speciesism is an accurate diagnosis for our conduct. This paper defends the orthodox view against such critiques. It refutes three challenges to the existence of speciesism—one posed by Travis Timmerman, another by Shelly Kagan, and a third inspired by Stijn Bruers. Some of these arguments rely on a flawed understanding of speciesism; all generate implausible empirical predictions.
Jaquet, F. (2025). Ours is a speciesist world, really. Journal of Ethics and Social Philosophy, 29(3). https://doi.org/10.26556/jesp.v29i3.3968
Towards sustainability by reducing speciesism: The effect of a prejudice-based intervention on people’s attitudes and behaviours towards animals
Abstract: The way we use animals for human consumption, medicines, and entertainment causes problems for the environment, our health, and animal welfare. This research investigated an intervention aimed at reducing harmful attitudes and behaviours towards animals. As the underlying mechanism of prejudice towards animals is similar to human outgroup prejudice, we designed an intervention based on synthesized insights from the prejudice literature. In two studies, participants (NStudy1=603 and NStudy2=600) either received an intervention or no intervention. Then, harmful attitudes and behaviours towards animals (Studies 1 and 2) and possible mediators (Study 2) were measured. The prejudice-based intervention led participants to more strongly intend to reduce their hurtful behaviours towards animals (Studies 1 and 2). Moreover, the intervention diminished participants’ animal product consumption as measured after a week (Study 2). Whereas the intervention did not affect speciesist attitudes in Study 1, it did in the more strongly powered Study 2. Finally, the path model of Study 2 showed that perspective-taking and feelings associated with injustice played a role in reducing speciesism, whereas awareness of animal treatment did not. Together, our intervention provides an important step to sustainability by reducing speciesism.
Stel, M., & Unterweger, A. (2025). Towards sustainability by reducing speciesism: The effect of a prejudice-based intervention on people’s attitudes and behaviours towards animals. The British Journal of Social Psychology / the British Psychological Society, 64(2), e12864. https://doi.org/10.1111/bjso.12864
Movement research
Bridging cultures for animal welfare: Effective advocacy In Japan
Abstract: In this blog, Maho Uehara-Cavalier of Japan Animal Welfare Corporate Partners (AWCP) provides crucial cultural context for effective animal advocacy in Japan.
Faunalytics (2025). Bridging cultures for animal welfare: Effective advocacy In Japan. https://faunalytics.org/bridging-cultures-for-animal-welfare-effective-advocacy-in-japan/
Eating fewer animals: A defense of reducetarianism
Abstract: Moral arguments against the consumption of animal products from factory farms are traditionally categorical. The conclusions require people to eliminate from their diets all animal products (veganism), all animal flesh (vegetarianism), all animals except seafood (pescetarianism), etc. An alternative “reducetarian” approach prescribes progressive reduction in one’s consumption of animal products, not categorical abstention. We articulate a much-needed moral defense of this more ecumenical approach. We start with a presumptive case in favor of reducetarianism before moving on to address three objections—that it falls short of our obligations to address such an egregious practice, is a rationalization of the status quo, and cannot fix systemic injustices in animal agriculture. We conclude that reducetarianism is a defensible approach for many people and is a promising route to moral progress on factory farming.
May, J., & Kumar, V. (2025). Eating fewer animals: A defense of reducetarianism. Journal of Moral Philosophy. https://philpapers.org/rec/MAYEFA-2
Research methods
Building a future research agenda for reducing meat consumption: A review on social norms, food, and drink
Abstract: Scientific studies have indicated the need for sustainable diets that reduce or exclude meat consumption to address the climate crisis. However, new dietary patterns require challenging changes in consumer behavior, and social norms can be a means to achieve this.This study aims to provide a future research agenda on meat consumption and social norms based on an overview of quantitative empirical research related to social norms and food andbeverage consumption behavior. We seek to fill a gap in the literature by relating a consolidatedand widely used theory in behavioral interventions to a topic of current academic and social attention. From a systematic review of peer-reviewed articles, we identified interpretable patterns, including theories, methodologies, geographic focus, year of publication, samples, and demographic variables. Our results highlighted investigations conducted in the United States,using the Focus Theory of Normative Conduct as a theoretical lens and involving undergraduate students. We propose six opportunities for further research considering three dimensions: theoretical, methodological, and contextual. The proposals of this study for future research provide a foundation for researchers, reinforcing the academic, theoretical, and social contributions. Our research has limitations inherent to systematic reviews, with possible variations in search results from other databases, different filtering processes adopted, and the inclusion of books and gray literature.
Ostermann, C. M., & de Barcellos, M. D. (2025). Building a future research agenda for reducing meat consumption: A review on social norms, food, and drink. Innovar. https://search.proquest.com/openview/7ca1733d443ec994c1675c44b86216f8/1?pq-origsite=gscholar&cbl=2035726
Representation of indigenous practices: An eco-critical discourse analysis of PETA blogs on animal sacrifice in indian muslim culture
Abstract: People for the Ethical Treatment of Animals (PETA) is an activist organization dedicated to raising awareness about animal abuse and advocating for legal protections for both domestic and wild animals. One of the primary ways PETA disseminates its message is through digital weblogs published on its official website. These weblogs promote discourse on animal rights and mistreatment, highlighting cases from around the world, including industrial-scale issues such as factory farming. While PETA’s advocacy aims to foster awareness, this study critically examines the discourse presented in its weblogs, particularly regarding indigenous practices of animal sacrifice observed by Muslim communities in South Asia. Through the lens of Critical Discourse Analysis (CDA), this research investigates how the language used in PETA’s weblogs constructs a Western outsider perspective that potentially misrepresents or marginalizes cultural and religious traditions. By analyzing linguistic patterns, ideological framing, and implicit biases, the study explores whether PETA’s discourse aligns with an ethnocentric narrative that overlooks the historical, religious, and cultural contexts of animal sacrifice. The findings aim to contribute to broader discussions on the intersection of animal rights activism, cultural representation, and discourse analysis, emphasizing the need for advocacy that acknowledges diverse cultural practices while promoting ethical treatment of animals. This research underscores the importance of a balanced and contextually aware approach to global activism, ensuring that efforts to protect animals do not inadvertently perpetuate cultural insensitivity or misrepresentation.
Kanwal, A., Ali, K., & Fatima. (2025). Representation of indigenous practices: An eco-critical discourse analysis of PETA blogs on animal sacrifice in indian muslim culture. AL-ĪMĀN Research Journal. https://alimanjournal.com/ojs/index.php/home/article/view/97
The (mis-)measurement of food decisions
Abstract: Humans have a fascination with quantifying behaviors. While numbers can provide intriguing insights, they can also distort public perceptions and misguide policy design. This article deconstructs the popular belief that individuals make 200 mindless food-related decisions a day, offering alternative perspectives on the conceptualization and measurement of food decisions. Specifically, we argue that existing decision-making theories offer limited guidance in defining and measuring such decisions, and advocate for more precise operationalizations. We emphasize the need for contextual understanding over simplistic numerical representations, propose a comprehensive working definition of food decisions, and consider alternative methods that may be better suited to capturing the complexity and nuance of food decisions. To conclude, we advocate for methodological pluralism in studying food decisions.
Claassen, M. A., Mata, J., & Hertwig, R. (2025). The (mis-)measurement of food decisions. Appetite, 107928. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.appet.2025.107928
Politics, law, and social change
Briefing: Mexico. Animal protection in the EU-Mexico trade negotiations
Abstract: The European Union and Mexico reached an agreement in principle for a modernised trade deal in 2018, which will become the cornerstone of an enhanced relationship between the EU and Mexico. This report examines what is at stake for animals in the EU-Mexico trade relationship and calls on the respective partners to prioritise cooperation on animal welfare.
Eurogroup for Animals. (2025b). Briefing: Mexico. Animal protection in the EU-Mexico trade negotiations. https://www.eurogroupforanimals.org/library/briefing-mexico-animal-protection-eu-mexico-trade-negotiations
Socio-economic analysis of the EU citizens’ attitudes toward farmed animal welfare from the 2023 Eurobarometer polling survey
BACKGROUND AND METHODS:
Europeans’ expectations and opinions regarding the conditions and welfare of farmed animals have evolved continuously. Since 2005, the Eurobarometer (Eb) polling instrument has been used to monitor EU citizens’ attitudes towards farmed animal welfare (FAW). Using the last Eb survey (2023), this study categorized respondents into clusters according to their answers to 12 selected questions on FAW. The ultimate goal was to highlight trends useful to stakeholders and policymakers within the animal food supply chain to design and implement activity planning, progress, and information campaigns.
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION:
As the Eb data came from a stratified multi-stage, random (probability) sample design, the seven clusters sorted through our statistical approach reflected the opinions of the EU population in 2023. These clusters could be further merged into three macro-clusters with two main opposite levels of concern (>80% positive answers) about FAW: concerned about at least 10 questions (74% of the sample); concerned about no more than three questions (6% of the sample); and a third macro-cluster in between concerned about five to seven questions, especially on specific farming practices (20% of the sample). An analysis of the socioeconomic characteristics of the respondents within clusters (gender, age, education, occupation scale, geographical origin, and regular contact with animals) showed that the main discriminating features were gender, level of education, and regular contact with animals; women and well-educated people in regular contact with companion animals were more concerned about FAW overall. The analysis also highlighted divergent responses regarding shopping habits and information searches among the clusters.
Riuzzi, G., Contiero, B., Gottardo, F., Cozzi, G., Peker, A., & Segato, S. (2025). Socio-economic analysis of the EU citizens’ attitudes toward farmed animal welfare from the 2023 Eurobarometer polling survey. Frontiers in Veterinary Science, 12. https://doi.org/10.3389/fvets.2025.1505668
Could the charter abolish farmed animal use?
Abstract: Numerous efforts have been made to advocate for animals as beings that warrant legal rights, yet animal rights are minimally reflected in Canadian law. Although there have been incremental legislative changes that provide protection to some animals in specific circumstances, they have generally failed to advance the rights of farmed animals undergoing confinement and slaughter. However, if animals’ rights are to be legally recognized under the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms, significant reform would be required in all modern forms of animal use, including agriculture. This article discusses the prospect of animals receiving rights under sections 7, 12 and 15 of the Charter, which codify the right to life, the right not to be subjected to cruel punishment, and the right to equal treatment, and examines the scope of protections that farmed animals could obtain with these rights. First, I discuss the current state of animal protections in Canada. Building on favourable precedents, I examine jurisprudence that supports sections 7, 12 and 15 rights for animals and conduct a doctrinal analysis under the assumption that these rights have been recognized. My findings demonstrate why modern animal agricultural practices, such as forcible confinement and slaughter, would be unconstitutional by infringing on animals’ proposed Charter rights. As a result, the Charter may have the potential to abolish most forms of farmed animal use.
Clasky, A. (2025). Animals as rights-holders: Could the charter abolish farmed animal use? The Global Journal of Animal Law, 13(1). https://doi.org/10.71389/gjal.155586
Differentiated policy implementation in food safety and animal welfare policymaking
Abstract: Agri‐food policies are in the midst of far‐reaching transitions, including the transformation towards sustainable production and food consumption. The European Green Deal and Farm to Fork Strategy prioritize food safety and animal welfare issues, aiming to transform food systems towards more sustainability. Despite existing EU legislation, little is known about how EU agri‐food policies are implemented across member states. Our analysis addresses this gap by examining the conditions that shape how EU requirements are implemented in 16 EU member states in two policy areas: food safety and farm animal welfare. Through our qualitative comparative analysis (QCA), we identify distinct pathways to differentiated implementation in both sectors, with a shared emphasis on political engagement, green party influence, and public advocacy, while also highlighting domain‐specific governance dynamics. Understanding variations in the implementation of EU demands among member states is crucial to identify gaps, assess governance effectiveness, and promote harmonization within the EU.
Bazzan, G., & Vogeler, C. S. (2025). Differentiated policy implementation in food safety and animal welfare policymaking. European Policy Analysis. https://doi.org/10.1002/epa2.1239
Factory farming and animal ethics: A moral dilemma
Abstract: This paper critically examines the ethical implications of animal suffering in industrial farming and transport, focusing on the utilitarian justification of industrial agriculture and the failure of EU animal welfare regulations. Particular attention is given to Denmark’s role as one of Europe’s largest meat and dairy exporters, where so-called “high welfare” standards mask the reality of systemic cruelty. The paper argues that utilitarian ethics have enabled mass suffering by prioritizing economic efficiency over individual animal well-being. It calls for a shift toward rights-based and virtue ethics approaches and outlines concrete policy reforms to end the worst abuses in animal farming. Additionally, it highlights the impact of stress on animal health and the resulting unhealthy meat, making the case for more humane and sustainable farming practices.
Christensen, S. H. (2025). Factory farming and animal ethics: A moral dilemma. Environmental Ethics. https://philpapers.org/rec/HAUFFA
Making a scene and making sense - How disruptiveness and logic influence media coverage and support for protests
Abstract: Climate and animal rights activists are increasingly resorting to provocative tactics, such as targeting cultural institutions and disrupting sporting events. Often, these actions don’t seem to make much sense – they have what is known as ‘low action logic’ – meaning there is little or no direct connection between the action and the movement’s goals and demands. This research examines the impact of these often controversial tactics on two outcomes: (1) the media coverage of protests, and (2) the level of active support groups receive, measured through financial donations to them. Our analysis shows that lower action logic and higher disruptiveness are associated both with a greater level of media attention and a higher level of active support. A mediation analysis suggests that the increased active support is largely driven by media coverage – that is, protests which are more illogical and disruptive get more media coverage and this drives more people to donate. While further research is needed to understand potential negative public opinion effects of these tactics, our findings help to balance the narrative that illogical, disruptive tactics are purely detrimental to the cause of social movements.
Social Change Lab, Ostarek, M., Klein, L., Pomerenke, D., Nadel, S., & Rogers, C. (2025, February). Making a scene and making sense – How disruptiveness and logic influence media coverage and support for protests. Making a Scene and Making Sense. https://www.socialchangelab.org/makingascenceandmakingsense
Where’s the beef? Institutional (de)legitimation of cultured meat in France and Italy
Abstract: While there is a growing interest among scholars in understanding the role that institutions and institutional actors play in the legitimation of emerging sustainable global industries, little is still known about how national institutional peculiarities and media discourse may affect the national acceptance of culturally- and technologically-debated innovations that could offer new opportunities for industrial change and development trajectories.This paper aims to address this gap in the literature by investigating how dynamically national institutions and institutional actors influence the social construction process for the legitimization of the cultured meat industry. Using Mediacloud we have collected newspaper articles, published from 2020 to 2023, linked to the culture meat debates in Italy and France, two countries still strongly rooted in traditional food specializations. By identifying communities of actors related through the news, and by then applying seeded topic modeling techniques, we analyze the content of major French and Italian national newspapers to unravel the specific roles that culture, the State, public authorities, and key influencers in each country play in the construction of the (de)legitimation of a new possible industrial trajectory in a seed phase.The results show that France’s legitimation process for cultured meat is underway and is primarily associated with a more ethical and science-driven social construction of legitimation. In contrast, Italy lags behind, with a more gut-level culture of (de)legitimation which seems to exploit the narrative of “tradition” to hamper from the start any opportunity for a National industrial change in this respect.
Colapinto, C., Plechero, M., & Santagiustina, C. R. M. A. (2025). Where’s the beef? Institutional (de)legitimation of cultured meat in France and Italy. https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.5132559
The fragmented landscape of animal welfare legislation in the European Union
Abstract: From cage to fur farming and fish welfare, key animal welfare concerns are being addressed very differently across the EU’s 27 Member States.In this report, we break down the steps that different countries in the EU are taking on a range of animal welfare issues – or lack thereof. The stark differences in their approaches highlights the critical need for the EU to publish its long-awaited revision to the animal welfare legislation, which has not been updated for decades, and which is not sufficiently protecting the wellbeing of animals across Europe.Only by modernising and strengthening these laws will the EU be able to effectively harmonise the approaches of all Member States to animal welfare: improving the lives of billions of sentient beings, easing compliance for farmers, ensuring fair competition, and aligning agriculture with its sustainability and resilience goals.
Eurogroup for Animals. (2025d, February). The fragmented landscape of animal welfare legislation in the European Union. https://www.eurogroupforanimals.org/library/fragmented-landscape-animal-welfare-legislation-european-union
Our Sources
-
Meat AND behavior
Meat AND behaviour
Meat AND attitudes
Meat AND preferences
Meat AND consumption
Meat AND reduction
Cultured meat
Cultivated meat
“Cellular agriculture”
Plant based meat
Plant based diet
Vegan
Vegetarian
Animal advocacy
Animal welfare
Aquatic animal welfare
Fish welfare
Speciesism
“Human-animal relations” -
Animal Ask Research Database
Bryant Research
Charity Entrepreneurship Animal Welfare Reports
Eurogroup for Animals
Faunalytics original studies
Google Scholar
Open Philanthropy farmed animal welfare research reports
Sentience Institute reports
PHAIR Journal recent articles
Rethink Priorities Animal Welfare research (filter by cause area)
Social Change Lab
February 2025
by Erika Alonso - 1 minute read