November 2024
Browse Studies By Topic
Alternatives to animal products
A proposed framework for evaluating meat alternatives
Abstract:
Concerns surrounding the environmental, economic, and ethical consequences of meat production and industrial agriculture have prompted substantial research and capital investment into the production of meat alternatives. Alternative meat production encompasses a variety of technological approaches including plant-based meats, cell-based or cultivated meats, meat alternatives relying on fungal protein sources, and hybrids thereof; each of which offers unique advantages and disadvantages and has been associated with a myriad of claims supporting it as the preferred alternative to animal-derived meats. As part of XPRIZE Foundation’s Feed the Next Billion competition, we developed a framework for evaluating meat alternatives by measuring their structural, nutritional, and organoleptic properties while also assessing safety and their purported environmental and economic benefits compared to animal-derived meats. The framework is technologically agnostic and can be used to evaluate meat alternatives of all types. The output of the framework enables a data-driven comparison to animal-derived meat and/or other alternative meats, allowing a range of stakeholders (e.g., food startups, investors, government) to assess technological readiness, competitive advantage, and impact potential. This framework can assist this nascent industry as it moves towards standardizing approaches to evaluating the quality, safety and proposed benefits of meat alternatives.
Semper, C., Kolta, C., Kinney, M. J., Giali, J., Rogers, M., Blaustein-Rejto, D., Rowat, A. C., Ogilvie, O. J., Hutmacher, R., Wee, J., Emery, I., Domigan, L. J., & Shelke, K. (2024). A proposed framework for evaluating meat alternatives. BioRxiv.
Application research and progress of microalgae as a novel protein resource in the future
Abstract:
Economic growth and health awareness spotlight opportunities and challenges in the food industry, particularly with decreasing arable land, climate change, dwindling freshwater resources, and pollution affecting traditional protein sources. Microalgae have emerged as a promising alternative, with higher protein content, better nutritional quality, and greater environmental resilience compared to conventional crops. They offer a protein balance comparable to meat, making them a sustainable protein source with health benefits like antioxidants, cardiovascular support, and anti-inflammatory properties. Improving the protein content of microalgae through optimized cultivation techniques is crucial to fully realize its potential as a novel food source. While there are already microalgae-based food products in the market, challenges remain in utilizing microalgal protein for widespread food production, emphasizing the need for further research. This review article explores the impact of microalgae culture conditions on protein content, the physicochemical and nutritional characteristics of microalgal protein, the health advantages of microalgal proteins and their derivatives, as well as research on separating and purifying microalgal proteins and their derivatives. It also delves into the current opportunities and obstacles of microalgal proteins and their derivatives as food, highlighting the potential for investigating the link between microalgal protein food and human health.
Ma, S. L., Sun, S., Li, T. Z., Yan, Y. J., & Wang, Z. K. (2024). Application research and progress of microalgae as a novel protein resource in the future. Critical Reviews in Food Science and Nutrition, 1–24.
Create the future of food with children: Qualitative insights into children’s perception of plant-based meat, fish, and dairy alternatives
Abstract:
Children’s food preferences are a major influence on what is served for dinner in the household. However, little is known about children’s perceptions of plant-based foods. This study aimed to better understand how 9- to 11-year-old children perceive plant-based meat and dairy alternatives. Different types of plant-based alternatives were investigated: meat and fish substitutes (legumes, nuts), replacements (tofu, tempeh), and analogues, as well as dairy substitutes. These alternatives were placed in a meal context, considering the influence of dish composition. The study combined design probes, interviews, and cooking sessions as different qualitative methods to explore children’s perceptions. First, design probe packages with creative assignments were given to the children. Afterwards, one-to-one interviews were conducted to elaborate on the input gained from the assignments. Lastly, children created in small groups a pizza with plant-based alternatives. Results showed that taste was the topic mentioned most in both positive and negative ways. Initially, children generally had positive taste expectations for the analogues, while their taste expectations for substitutes and replacements were more negative. However, during the cooking session, there was no considerable difference in their actual taste perceptions of analogues, substitutes, and replacements. This highlights the importance of studying perceptions of plant-based alternatives in a real-life meal context, where substitutes and replacements can, next to analogues, also be an integral part of a meal. Although previous research shows that animal welfare is an important driver for children to choose plant-based alternatives, this study showed that animal welfare is linked to plant-based meat analogues only. Therefore, actively linking animal welfare to substitutes and replacements may help to guide children and their households towards a plant-forward diet with more plant-based ingredients such as vegetables, legumes, and grains.
Pater, L., Zandstra, E. H., Fogliano, V., & Steenbekkers, B. L. P. A. (2024). Create the future of food with children: Qualitative insights into children’s perception of plant-based meat, fish, and dairy alternatives. Appetite, 107761.
Emerging materials in cultivated meat: Engineering sustainable food solutions – A review
Abstract:
As the global population grows, the demand for protein-enriched foods like meats is rising rapidly. Traditional farming practices face challenges including animal welfare, waste management, and carbon emissions, harming the environment. Consequently, meat substitutes have emerged as a promising area of research and as an alternative to traditional livestock-sourced meats. Cultivated meat, produced through cell culture techniques, is a key area in cellular agriculture and offers a safe and well-controlled production process for such future foods. The manufacturing of cultivated meat involves several disciplines, including cell culture, media optimization, scaffold design, and advanced manufacturing, along with nutrition, taste and safety topics to meet consumer acceptance and regulatory approvals. Although several review articles have addressed various aspects of cultivated meat, they tend to focus on specific domains rather than a comprehensive analysis of this transformative technology. This review highlights innovative and applied research findings in the field of cultivated meat, with a focus on critical aspects such as nutrition, cells, materials, and scaffold manufacturing technologies. Furthermore, the socio-political and economic impacts of cultivated meat are explored, and practical recommendations for low-cost and large-scale production. Finally, the review also addresses existing challenges and outlines future directions for the development of cultivated meat.
Wang, L., Li, G., Li, X., Zhang, Y., Liu, G., Xie, M., Zheng, Z., Wang, X., Chen, Y., & Kaplan, D. L. (2024). Emerging materials in cultivated meat: Engineering sustainable food solutions – A review. Advanced Functional Materials.
Evaluation of plant-based composite materials as 3D printed scaffolds for cell growth and proliferation in cultivated meat applications
Abstract:
This study aimed to evaluate plant-based 3D scaffolds for supporting the cultivation of animal cells for cultivated meat. The physical and chemical characteristics of pectin and composite gels (pectin + soy protein isolate [SPI] or pea protein isolate [PPI]) were analyzed. Rheological property analysis revealed that all materials exhibited viscoelastic solid behavior, shear thinning, and micro-structure recovery behavior, essential properties for 3D printing. Texture profile analysis (TPA) of composite gels demonstrated that some of the textural properties of these composite materials were in the range of mechanical properties of meat products including pork, poultry, and fish. The cytocompatibility and proliferative potential of these scaffold gels were evaluated using C2C12 (myoblast cells) as a model cell line, indicating their potential to support the growth of the animal cell without apparent toxicity. In examining 3D printability, incorporating protein into the pectin gel resulted in enhanced printability, characterized by reduced surface roughness and thinner thickness. Based on these analyses, a 3D printed scaffold was generated by using pectin, 30% SPI, and 10% PPI. Remarkably, the scaffolds with pectin and 10% PPI supported the growth of the cells, comparable to the cells grown on a tissue culture plate (positive control) demonstrating its potential to support animal cell growth. These findings highlight the promising potential of the formulated materials for applications within the cultivated meat industry.
Kim, W.-J., Kim, Y., Lu, Y., Ovissipour, R., & Nitin, N. (2025). Evaluation of plant-based composite materials as 3D printed scaffolds for cell growth and proliferation in cultivated meat applications. Food Hydrocolloids, 160, 110823.
Exploring sustainable future protein sources
Abstract:
With the exponential growth of the world population and the decline in agricultural production due to global warming, it is predicted that there will be an inevitable shortage of food and meat resources in the future. The global meat consumption, which reached 328 million tons in 2021, is expected to increase by about 70% by 2050, and the existing livestock industry, which utilizes limited resources, is having difficulty meeting the demand. Accordingly, cultured meat produced by culturing cells in the laboratory, edible insects consumed after cooking or processing, and plant-based meat processed by extracting proteins from plants have been proposed as sustainable food alternatives. These future protein sources are gaining popularity among consumers who prefer a healthy diet due to their nutritional benefits, and they are receiving attention for their potential to reduce environmental impact. This review describes the types and characteristics of protein sources such as cultured meat, antiserum media, edible insects, soy protein, wheat protein, and other mushroom mycelia, processing processes and technologies, market status, institutional challenges and prospects, and mushroom cultured meat.
Oh, Y.-N., & Kim, H.-Y. (2024). Exploring sustainable future protein sources. Food Science of Animal Resources.
Food innovation towards a sustainable world: A study on intention to purchase lab-grown meat
Abstract:
Lab-grown meat has been proposed as a food innovation to meet Sustainable Development Goal 12 of moving towards more sustainable consumption and production patterns. However, although technological innovations in lab-grown meat are advancing, a better understanding is needed regarding the perspectives of potential consumers of this product. Specifically, whether the perceived higher environmental sustainability of this meat compared with conventional meat influences purchase intentions remains unclear. The effects of perceived risks must also be assessed. To address these knowledge gaps, we propose a model that draws on the theory of reasoned action and integrate it with potential consumers’ perceptions of environmental sustainability and risks of lab-grown meat. We apply variance-based structural equation modelling using data from a sample of Italian consumers to evaluate the model’s explanatory and predictive accuracy. The findings highlight the effects of environmental sustainability and perceived risks on purchase intentions and provide insights for policymakers and businesses.
Castellani, P., Cassia, F., Vargas-Sánchez, A., & Giaretta, E. (2025). Food innovation towards a sustainable world: A study on intention to purchase lab-grown meat. Technological Forecasting and Social Change, 211, 123912.
Gaps and solutions for large scale production of cultured meat: A review on last findings
Abstract:
Despite initial expectations, the full-scale industrialization of cultured meat has not yet been realized owing to technical difficulties yet to be resolved. Therefore, this review discusses the delayed industrialization of cultured meat and strategies to overcome this delay. The identified challenges include a low cell growth rate, consistency, muscle satellite cell differentiation, completely defined medium components and their roles in myogenesis, effective fetal bovine serum replacement, and the inconsistencies of muscle formation in vitro. Another reason for the delay is the inherent dependence on animal-sourced cell culture products, which raise ethical concerns and are not considered safe for consumption. Technologies related to efficient cultured meat production remain imperative. This study also emphasizes the importance of using cell lines or immortalized cells and efficient culturing strategies to achieve the full industrialization of cultured meat.
Lee, D. Y., & Hur, S. J. (2025). Gaps and solutions for large scale production of cultured meat: A review on last findings. Current Opinion in Food Science, 61, 101243.
Halal perspective review of cultured meat stem cell method.
Abstract:
Cultured meat is meat made in vitro based on cells or biotechnology meat that can replace animal meat products in general. The halal status of cultured meat is still a matter of debate in society. The aim of writing this systematic literature review is to discuss the halal status of cultured meat. The method used in writing this systematic literature review is based on the results of a systematic literature review; several researchers used Google Scholar, ScienceDirect, and other applications such as Microsoft Excel. SLR is an effort to make the often subjective literature review more objective to reduce researcher bias. This paper uses a systematic literature review to review published studies on halal perspectives of cultured meat. The relevant material was accessed and sourced from Google Scholar databases with a publication period from 2022-2024 and provide open access journals. Research results show that animal cells taken from animals that have been slaughtered according to Islamic law and rules are said to be halal for consumption. However, if the production of cultured meat comes from non-halal animals or from halal animals but the slaughter is not in accordance with Islamic law and rules, then it is haram for consumption.
Siti Qudsiyah, U., & Awfa Tsania, A. (2024). Halal perspective review of cultured meat stem cell method. Journal of Agri-Food Science and Technology, 5(2).
How do push and pull factors affect non-vegetarians’ intention to buy plant-based meat products?
Abstract:
Purpose
This study aims to analyze the push and pull factors and its relationship with the theory of planned behavior about non-vegetarians’ intentions to buy plant-based meat products. Previous studies seldom explored the intention of non-vegetarians’ intention to buy plant-based meat products.
Design/methodology/approach
An online survey was conducted among 447 non-vegetarians to investigate these relationships. Partial least squares-structural equation modeling (PLS-SEM) was employed to scrutinize the data.
Findings
Among the push factors product safety and flavor positively influence consumers’ attitude, whereas environmental protection and flavor positively influence subjective norms. Animal welfare, environmental protection and flavor positively influence perceived behavioral control. Among the pull factors, curiosity, product nutrition and price positively influence consumer attitudes toward plant-based meat products. Curiosity and price also positively influence subjective norms, but only product nutrition positively influences perceived behavioral control. On the other hand, the results also confirm that non-vegetarian customers’ intentions to buy plant-based meat products is primarily influenced by attitude and perceived behavioral control, whereas subjective norms do not influence the intention to buy plant-based meat products. This study also reveals that there exists a moderating influence from perceived behavioral control between attitude and intention to buy plant-based meat products, whereas the moderating effect of perceived behavioral control on subjective norms and intention is insignificant.
Originality/value
The findings of this study offer practical recommendations for persuasive marketing strategies associated with plant-based meat substitutes.
Liao, Y.-K., Gungor, H. F., Girish, V. G., Lee, J., & Wu, W.-Y. (2024). How do push and pull factors affect non-vegetarians’ intention to buy plant-based meat products? British Food Journal.
Hybrid and plant-based burgers: Trends, challenges, and physicochemical and sensory qualities
Abstract:
Burgers have become a staple of global cuisine and can have several different versions and combinations. For example, hybrid burgers have a percentage of animal protein in their formulation, while plant-based burgers contain 100% plant-based proteins. Therefore, the aim of this study was to investigate the emerging trends and challenges in the formulation of hybrid and plant-based burgers, with an emphasis on new ingredients and the evaluation of their physical, chemical, and sensory properties. An integrative literature review on alternative burgers to meat ones was carried out, focusing on hybrid products (meat + plant-based) and fully plant-based burgers. The studies analyzed show that plant-based and hybrid burgers can be developed with different protein sources, such as soybeans, white beans, textured peas, pseudocereals, and cashew nuts, with good nutritional and sensory characteristics. While hybrid burgers combine meat and plant-based proteins to reduce saturated fats, plant-based burgers show equal promise, with a high protein and fiber content, a lower fat content, and good sensory acceptance. However, despite the market potential of these products, there are challenges to be overcome, among which are their texture and flavor, which are essential characteristics of animal-meat burgers. Another point to take into account is the diversity of preferences among consumers with different beliefs or eating styles: vegans, for example, do not prefer a product that is very similar to meat, unlike flexitarians, who seek products which are similar to animal meat in all attributes.
Mercês, Z. da C. das, Salvadori, N. M., Evangelista, S. M., Cochlar, T. B., Rios, A. de O., & Oliveira, V. R. de. (2024). Hybrid and plant-based burgers: Trends, challenges, and physicochemical and sensory qualities. Foods, 13(23).
In vitro cultured meat: Nutritional aspects for the health and safety of future foods
Abstract:
In vitro cultured meat is one of the future foods that might revolutionize meat production by allowing food manufacturers to sidestep traditional animal farming. Despite being in early development, in vitro cultured meat faces challenges such as technological limitations and consumer acceptance, hindering its market integration. Beyond being an ethical alternative to conventional meat, it resembles conventionally farmed meat, making it a focus on healthcare and food safety. From a health perspective, it theoretically presents intriguing possibilities in the fields of functional foods, tailored dietary therapy, and public health. In functional foods, its unique composition allows precise nutritional manipulation for specific dietary needs, aligning with personalized nutrition. In dietary therapy, in vitro cultured meat might offer customization for individuals with dietary restrictions or health conditions, providing a novel therapeutic avenue. From a public health standpoint, it holds promise in mitigating environmental and health challenges linked to conventional meat production, aligning with sustainability and disease prevention initiatives. However, the potential health risks of in vitro cultured meat include concerns about the use of genetically modified starting cells, fetal bovine serum, growth factors, scaffolding materials, and antibiotics during the production process. These additives may have unforeseen long-term health effects if not properly regulated. Additionally, in vitro cultured meat may lack some of the natural nutrients found in conventional meat, which could lead to nutritional imbalances. There are also uncertainties about how the texture and bioavailability of nutrients in in vitro cultured meat might affect digestion and absorption in the human body. Nevertheless, specific aspects of research in the field of in vitro cultured meat demand increased focus from researchers to guarantee the optimal safety standards. An in-depth study on safety-oriented research of in vitro cultured meat should be emphasized to ensure benefits for individual and public health.
Chotelersak, K., Teerawongsuwan, S., Suwan, N., Saipin, N., Jaisin, Y., Suriyut, J., Boonprom, P., Dorn-in, S., & Rungsiwiwut, R. (2024). In vitro cultured meat: Nutritional aspects for the health and safety of future foods. Trends in Sciences, 22(2), 9060.
Is it still meat? The effects of replacing meat with alternative ingredients on the nutritional and functional properties of hybrid products: A review
Abstract:
Consumer interest in a shift toward moderating animal products in their diets (flexitarian) is constantly increasing. One way to meet this consumer demand is through hybrid meat products, defined as those in which a portion of the meat is substituted by plant protein. This review article aims to analyze literature regarding the impact of replacing meat proteins with other alternative proteins on the functional and nutritional properties of hybrid products. Different food matrices created by hybrid products have impact on the digestive processes and outcomes in vitro and in vivo, and the bioavailability of protein, lipid, and mineral nutrients is modified, hence these aspects are reviewed. The functional properties of hybrid products change with regard to type of alternative protein source used. In hybrid products, deficiencies in amino acids in alternative proteins are balanced by amino acids from meat proteins, resulting in wholesome products. Additionally, animal protein degrades into peptides in the gut which bind non-animal iron and increase the availability of iron from the alternative protein material. This relationship may support the development of hybrid products offering products with increased iron bioavailability and a previously unseen beneficial nutritional composition. The effects of alternative protein addition in hybrid meat products on protein and mineral digestibility remains unclear. More research is required to clarify the interaction of the protein-food matrix as well as its effects on digestibility. Very little research has been conducted on the oxidative stability and microbiological safety of hybrid products.
Tkaczewska, J., Mungure, T., & Warner, R. (2024). Is it still meat? The effects of replacing meat with alternative ingredients on the nutritional and functional properties of hybrid products: A review. Critical Reviews in Food Science and Nutrition, 1–20.
It’s most likely gonna be the future”: A qualitative study exploring child and parent perceptions of alternative proteins
Abstract:
Alternative proteins offer promise as a sustainable substitute for traditional meat, but consumer acceptance remains low. Understanding the perceptions and preferences of diverse consumers is critical to shifting consumption patterns globally. Moreover, as children are future consumers, exploring their perceptions of alternative proteins along with parental influences is important for driving change. We conducted semi-structured focus groups with child (9–15 years-old) and parent (38–56 years-old) pairs (n=19) in Singapore to explore (i) current awareness and perceptions of plant-based meat, cultivated meat, and insect proteins, and (ii) facilitators and barriers to consumption. Inductive (reflexive thematic analysis) and deductive approaches (using the Capability, Opportunity, and Motivation model of Behaviour; COM-B) were adopted for data analysis. Overall, we found greater awareness and acceptance of plant-based meat than cultivated meat and insect proteins. Most children presented with a general curiosity to all alternative proteins, wanting to especially understand the likeness of plant-based and cultivated meat to traditional meat. Parents acknowledged that alternative proteins provided an opportunity to add variety to their diet but were concerned with the naturalness of alternative proteins and the novel technologies used to manufacture them. Insect proteins faced fear and disgust, although the historical consumption of insects meant children and parents deemed these as safe. Taste, cost and the impact on health were also commonly discussed by both children and parents. Our findings highlight key factors that influence children and parents’ acceptance and consumption of alternative proteins, which can inform the development of targeted interventions.
Anant, N., Pillay, A., Juraimi, S. A., Sheen, F., Fogel, A., Chong, M. F.-F., Smith, B., & Pink, A. E. (2024). “It’s most likely gonna be the future”: A qualitative study exploring child and parent perceptions of alternative proteins.
Meat alternative consumers still frowned upon in Europe: Analysis of stereotypical, emotional and behavioral responses of observing others
Abstract:
As a part of the battle against climate change, many plant-based meat alternative products have been launched in recent years—without notable success. One explanation could be that consumers of meat alternatives are seen as socially deviant from those consuming animal-based protein products. This study adopts the BIAS Map framework, which has been underutilized in the food consumption research, in order to reveal the stereotypical beliefs, emotional responses, and behavioral tendencies that consumers of meat alternatives evoke in observers. An online experiment is conducted, participants (N = 3600) from four European countries evaluate fictitious consumers using three shopping lists that include meat products and their alternatives in varying combinations. The results reveal a conflicting picture of those who are believed to favor meat alternatives. They are seen as environmentally friendly, health-conscious people who adhere to high moral standards, and are worthy of admiration. But on the contrary, they also elicit fear, contempt, and anger in observers, who as a result socially exclude and even show aggression toward them. Second, the findings produce a novel insight regarding moderation effects related to observers’ need for affiliation and status. Those high in need of affiliation demonstrate the strongest positive change in their relation to consumers who appear to favor both traditional meat products and their more modern alternatives. Additionally, those high in need of status tend to evaluate consumers favoring the modern alternatives as evoking more anger and envy, compared with consumers favoring traditional meat products. This study has several theoretical, managerial, and societal implications.
Malila, R.-M., Pennanen, K., & Luomala, H. T. (2025). Meat alternative consumers still frowned upon in Europe: Analysis of stereotypical, emotional and behavioral responses of observing others. Food Quality and Preference, 125, 105380.
Multisensory contextual cues and information affect plant-based food choices and taste perception
Abstract:
The context in which food is selected and consumed is an important factor in its choice, consumption, and acceptability. This study assessed the effect of information and multisensory contexts on meat-related food choices and taste perception. In total, 224 participants first watched one of two pitches, either discussing the implications of consuming animal meat (sustainable pitch) or promoting body movement (control pitch). Participants were then exposed to one of three multisensory contexts: a ‘sustainable’ context with natural green colours, nature sounds and a flower fragrance, a ‘meat’ context with red colours, the sounds of country music and a smokey BBQ smell, and a monotone off-white ‘neutral’ context with neutral background music and no additional smell. Participants were instructed to choose one of two presented hotdogs (animal meat hotdog or plant-based meat hotdog) and to taste and rate the chosen one on liking and taste attributes. Results showed that multisensory sustainable contextual cues combined with information on sustainability beforehand increased the likelihood of choosing plant-based meat hotdogs over animal meat hotdogs. In addition, while tasting the plant-based meat hotdog, multisensory contextual cues that are inspired by a meat context appeared to enhance taste perception, even for vegans and vegetarians. These findings provide further evidence for the importance of context in food choice and acceptance: the context where people choose plant-based meat should preferably be separated and different from the context of consumption. The findings also imply that information can change behaviour, not just attitudes as previous research indicated, but only if combined with multisensory cues in the context.
Zandstra, E. H., Van Os, D. E., Van der Burg, E., Stuldreher, I. V., Toet, A., Velut, S., Hiraguchi, H., Hogervorst, M. A., Brouwer, A. M., & Van Erp, J. B. F. (2025). Multisensory contextual cues and information affect plant-based food choices and taste perception. Food Quality and Preference, 126, 105385.
Optimists, moderates and sceptics: Identifying consumer groups and their willingness to consume cultured proteins in Finland
Abstract:
Purpose
It is suggested that the detrimental externalities of intensive livestock production can be reduced by manufacturing animal proteins with cellular agriculture technologies. This study explores consumer attitudes towards cultured proteins based on representative Finnish survey data (n = 1,452).
Design/methodology/approach
Sum variables from the principal component analysis were utilized in the cluster analysis to identify potential consumer groups of cultured proteins in Finland. A regression analysis was used to find out the explanatory factors of positive first reaction, willingness to taste, willingness to use and support for the establishment of a national cultured meat sector.
Findings
Most of the respondents (72%) would taste cultured products, but attitudes of optimists (n = 516), moderates (n = 479) and sceptics (n = 457) differ in terms of the environment, livestock farming and cultured proteins. Most optimists (77%), almost quarter (23%) of moderates and less than a fifth (18%) of sceptics support cultured proteins. The environmental concerns are shared by optimists and moderates, whereas moderates and sceptics tend to be more suspicious. Positive attitudes are significantly influenced by social norms and respondents’ beliefs regarding their global and national benefits. Major concerns pertain to anticipated dictation force of big companies, negative effects on Finnish agriculture, product attributes, use of genetically modified organisms and experienced (un)naturalness of cultured foods.
Originality/value
This study contributes to the understanding of Finnish consumers’ attitudes towards cultured proteins. The identification of potential consumer segments and the elucidation of their attitudes are relevant, given the anticipated acceleration in the development of cultured foods.
Heiskanen, A., & Ryynänen, T. (2024). Optimists, moderates and sceptics: Identifying consumer groups and their willingness to consume cultured proteins in Finland. British Food Journal, 126(13), 658–671.
Plant-based meat alternatives predicted by Theory of Planned Behavior among Midwest undergraduates
Abstract:
Plant-based meat alternatives (PBMAs) such as the Impossible Burger® imitate animal meat appearance, taste, feel, and texture. Part of their consumer appeal are the views that PBMAs are more environmentally friendly, reduce inhumane treatment of animals, and/or have preferred nutritional attributes. College-educated adults are one of the larger markets for these products. This cross-sectional online survey utilized the Theory of Planned Behavior to predict self-reported intakes of PBMAs among 536 undergraduates aged 18–25 at a Midwest university. Sixty-one percent had eaten PBMAs, and 17% wanted to try them. Twenty-two percent were uninterested non-consumers. Their top reason for not eating PBMAs was that they had no reason to decrease their meat intake. Multinomial logistic regression analysis showed subjective norms and positive attitudes about PBMAs increased the odds of more frequent intake, whereas non-consumers had less support from social contacts, but greater perceived behavioral control over general food access. Thus, those with supportive social influences, concerns about the environment, and animal welfare are more likely to consume PBMAs. More frequent PBMA consumption was observed among U.S.-born multicultural students, food insecure students, and those with less perceived behavioral control over food access. Future research should investigate the nuances between these associations further by examining the types of PBMAs consumed, their costs, and retail sources across student demographics.
Luong, R. H., Winham, D. M., Shelley, M. C., & Glick, A. A. (2024). Plant-based meat alternatives predicted by Theory of Planned Behavior among Midwest undergraduates. Foods, 13(23), 3801.
Planting seeds of change in foodstyles: Growing brand strategies to foster plant-based alternatives through online platforms
Abstract:
This article delves into the landscape of the plant-based food industry, exploring innovative market entry strategies and their interplay with the evolving food market and shifting consumer preferences and lifestyles. Adopting a multidimensional approach, the study reflects diverse perspectives at play. Through a comparative analysis of strategic promotion and growth strategies employed by both innovative startups and established industry giants in the plant-based alternatives sector in Germany, the study aims to capture the challenges faced by the ‘newer’ wave of plant-based alternatives. This examination is particularly relevant for navigating the complexities of entering a competitive market. Striving to penetrate evolving consumer lifestyles, the study draws insightful comparisons with their “older” counterparts. In addition, through in-depth interviews with selected companies, the study investigates the entry methods of startups venturing into the German market, aiming to identify parallels and contrasts in market strategies with established brands. This provides valuable insights into innovation within the alternative food market. Furthermore, the study explores the process of brand “platformization” by scrutinizing the websites of the selected companies and analyzing customers’ online reviews of their brand experience. This comprehensive analysis unveils distinctive patterns in communication strategies, brand positioning, and consumer engagement, offering insights into the ways plant-based innovation shapes new, caring lifestyles. The main findings include a strong correlation among dimensions related to food quality, use, and taste, indicating a holistic approach to food consumption facilitated by online platforms.
Bonetti, G. G., van Hooven, C., & Onorati, M. G. (2024). Planting seeds of change in foodstyles: Growing brand strategies to foster plant-based alternatives through online platforms. AYDIN GASTRONOMY, 2(4), 169–190.
Plant protein innovations in snacks and bakery: Synergy of market trends and scientific advances
Abstract:
This article delves into the landscape of the plant-based food industry, exploring innovative market entry strategies and their interplay with the evolving food market and shifting consumer preferences and lifestyles. Adopting a multidimensional approach, the study reflects diverse perspectives at play. Through a comparative analysis of strategic promotion and growth strategies employed by both innovative startups and established industry giants in the plant-based alternatives sector in Germany, the study aims to capture the challenges faced by the ‘newer’ wave of plant-based alternatives. This examination is particularly relevant for navigating the complexities of entering a competitive market. Striving to penetrate evolving consumer lifestyles, the study draws insightful comparisons with their “older” counterparts. In addition, through in-depth interviews with selected companies, the study investigates the entry methods of startups venturing into the German market, aiming to identify parallels and contrasts in market strategies with established brands. This provides valuable insights into innovation within the alternative food market. Furthermore, the study explores the process of brand “platformization” by scrutinizing the websites of the selected companies and analyzing customers’ online reviews of their brand experience. This comprehensive analysis unveils distinctive patterns in communication strategies, brand positioning, and consumer engagement, offering insights into the ways plant-based innovation shapes new, caring lifestyles. The main findings include a strong correlation among dimensions related to food quality, use, and taste, indicating a holistic approach to food consumption facilitated by online platforms.
Boukid, F., Mefleh, M., Mameri, H., & Rosell, C. M. (2024). Plant protein innovations in snacks and bakery: Synergy of market trends and scientific advances. Food Bioscience, 62, 105580.
Promoting artificial meat to improve food security and reduce resource-environment pressure: Is it practicable in China?
Abstract:
Artificial meat is increasingly recognized as a crucial innovation for addressing global food security challenges and reducing environmental pressures. This study aims to understand the practicability of promoting artificial meat consumption to achieve the dual goals of improving food security and reducing resource-environment pressure by evaluating Chinese consumers’ willingness to pay (WTP) for artificial meat. A discrete choice experiment was conducted via an online survey involving 998 consumers from five representative Chinese cities. The experiment was designed to elicit preferences and WTP for artificial meat. A random information intervention providing positive information about artificial meat was included to examine its impact on consumer choices. The estimation results indicate significantly lower WTP for both cultured and plant-based meat compared to farm-raised meat, with plant-based meat receiving higher WTP than cultured meat. The information intervention notably reduced the WTP gap between artificial meat and farm-raised meat, suggesting that consumer education can positively influence acceptance. The findings suggest that the market introduction of artificial meat in China faces considerable challenges, particularly regarding consumer acceptance and perceived value. While positive information can reduce the disparity in WTP, the practicability of promoting artificial meat to achieve food security and environmental sustainability goals is currently limited. This study contributes to the literature on consumer attitudes towards artificial meat in China and provides critical insights for policymakers aiming to promote the consumption of artificial meat.
Yang, M., Min, S., Nguyen, T. T., & Qing, P. (2024). Promoting artificial meat to improve food security and reduce resource-environment pressure: Is it practicable in China? Frontiers in Sustainable Food Systems, 8.
Protein quality of vegan and vegetarian university canteen dishes
Abstract:
The demand for plant-based nutrition is increasing in public catering and is particularly high in campus catering and gastronomy. Based on recipes from the Studentenwerk Schleswig-Holstein’s (student services organization) lunch menu, the protein quality was calculated using the Digestible Indispensable Amino Acid Score (DIAAS) for 46 vegan, 11 vegetarian and 9 meat-containing dishes, taking into account ileal digestibility coefficients from the literature. About half of the vegan dishes were of low protein quality (DIAAS < 75). This was due to a lack of intake of lysine from grain products or of sulfur-containing amino acids from legumes when these were the first protein-providing ingredient and were not adequately complemented. For this reason, when planning vegan dishes it is recommended to focus on ingredients with a high lysine content and also a high ileal digestibility of the lysine.
Hansen, B., Dahl, K., Bosy-Westphal, A., & Enderle, J. (2024). Protein quality of vegan and vegetarian university canteen dishes. Ernaehrungs Umschau, 1.
Sensory and hedonic perception of meat versus ultra-processed plant-based meat analogs: A comparative study
Abstract:
Nowadays, consumption habits are changing for different reasons, and animal products are being replaced by plant-based analogs. Some of these analogs are classified as ultra-processed foods (UPFs) according to NOVA criteria (food classification system). Within this scenario, little is known about consumers’ sensory response regarding these new products. One main challenge of plant-based UPFs is imitating both the sensory characteristics and the hedonic experience of meat consumption. Although numerous studies explore the sensory profile of ultra-processed vegan products, we found no comparisons between the sensory profiles of plant-based analogs and their corresponding meat products. The present study aimed to compare the dynamic sensory profiles, specifically focusing on flavor and texture attributes, of animal-based food (beef and chicken meat) and their corresponding commercial ultra-processed plant-based meat analogs (seitan and Mediterranean chick’n pieces) and to establish the adequacy of the intensity of certain sensory characteristics (attributes) and their impact on the acceptability of meat analogs. This was conducted using the time-intensity technique with fourteen trained panelists and just about right scales with 59 consumers, evaluating the acceptability of the products with a 7-point hedonic scale. The dynamic perception results for the analogs significantly differed from those of beef and chicken, specifically showing higher intensity in “nonmeat” attributes such as gumminess, mushroom flavor, vegetable flavor, and spiciness. The attributes that characterize the chicken analog are more suitable than the attributes that characterize seitan. The acceptability of seitan was not significantly influenced by the attribute suitability results. However, poor juiciness showed a significant penalty on its acceptance for the chicken analog. These identified differences highlight the need to evaluate and adjust the sensory characteristics of plant-based products that attempt to imitate traditional meat products.
Olegario, L. S., Zalama, L., González-Mohino, A., Joaquín, M. F. G., & Ventanas, S. (2024). Sensory and hedonic perception of meat versus ultra-processed plant-based meat analogs: A comparative study. Journal of Food Science.
Sentiments, barriers and predictors of acceptance for meat alternatives among UK meat consumers
Abstract:
There is a growing global demand for diets to be better for the environment and for human health. To support the shift toward sustainable diets, it is crucial to understand consumer attitudes and the barriers they face. To achieve this aim, this paper addresses the questions: What are the prevailing sentiments of UK meat consumers towards meat alternatives? What barriers do UK meat consumers face in trying and sustaining the consumption of meat alternatives? Data was obtained from 1074 UK respondents. The majority of respondents (82.4 %) had tried plant-based meat alternatives, whereas most had not tried edible insects (88.8 %), cultured meat (96.5 %) or algae (73.7 %). Sentiments towards plant-based alternatives were mainly positive while views on cultured meat, insects, and algae were more mixed or negative. Motivations for accepting and eating meat alternatives were primarily personal health benefits, animal welfare and environmental reasons in order of ranking. The results show that 18 % are very likely to include meat alternatives in their future diets, followed by 39 % who are open to the possibility and may consider it under the right circumstances. Ordered logistic regression identified several significant predictors for incorporating meat alternatives into future diets. Positive predictors included price competitiveness, variety, environmental motivation, health benefits, past experience with plant-based meat and algae and gender. Conversely, frequent meat consumption and safety concerns were negative predictors and reduced the odds of incorporating meat alternatives into diets. Key actions which consumers opine would encourage acceptance of meat alternatives includes educational programs, financial incentives and media campaigns with strong support for coordinated stakeholder efforts.
Begho, T. (2024). Sentiments, barriers and predictors of acceptance for meat alternatives among UK meat consumers. Food and Humanity, 3, 100461.
Sustainable plant-based meat protein alternatives: Regulatory aspects and consumer acceptance
Abstract:
The climate changes and global warming conditions have persuaded the scientific community and industrial wizards to move toward sustainable agri-food techs and food innovation to meet the realm of food security and nutritional ecology. COVID-19 further demonstrated the importance of alternative food options to reach food resiliency when the supply chains got ruined. Proteins are the macronutrient required by all and almost 15%–20% of the energy requirements are achieved and obtained from proteins, thus making it a significant nutritional imperative. The distribution of adequate protein to billions of growing populations affordably and sustainably is a considerable task. Growing and processing livestock use most of the land and water resources available than those required for agricultural production, processing, and industrialization. Moreover, increased consumption or overconsumption of meat or processed animal products including dairy foods poses a risk for lifestyle diseases such as diabetes, obesity, CVD, etc., Plant-based meat alternatives extant a favorable solution to our nutritional needs as easy food access with low-cost production, besides knowledge of cultivation practices is also widespread globally. However, using plant-based meat as a commercially viable product is still evolving with consumer preferences. Plant-based meat protein alternatives need necessary precautions and regulatory aspects since their physicochemical properties such as solubility, foaming, emulsifying, and gelling properties are comparatively less than proteins of animal origin and limit their usage in food products. Moreover, the concern of limiting amino acids and anti-nutritional factors has to be addressed. Technology on alternative meat products of Plant origin is progressing and knowledge of novel plant protein constructions is sorely needed. This chapter reflects on the technologies of plant proteins as NPDs, explains consumer acceptance of plant-based meat alternatives and current prospects of regulations around the world, and highlights new research directions.
Mathanghi, S. K., & Kirthy Reddy, M. (2025). Sustainable plant-based meat protein alternatives: Regulatory aspects and consumer acceptance. In Plant-Based Proteins (pp. 377–401). Elsevier.
The mechanical and sensory signature of plant-based and animal meat
Abstract:
Eating less meat is associated with a healthier body and planet. Yet, we remain reluctant to switch to a plant-based diet, largely due to the sensory experience of plant-based meat. Food scientists characterize meat using a double compression test, which only probes one-dimensional behavior. Here we use tension, compression, and shear tests–combined with constitutive neural networks–to automatically discover the behavior of eight plant-based and animal meats across the entire three-dimensional spectrum. We find that plant-based sausage and hotdog, with stiffnesses of 95.9 ± 14.1 kPa and 38.7 ± 3.0 kPa, successfully mimic their animal counterparts, with 63.5 ± 45.7 kPa and 44.3 ± 13.2 kPa, while tofurky is twice as stiff, and tofu is twice as soft. Strikingly, a complementary food tasting survey produces in nearly identical stiffness rankings for all eight products (ρ = 0.833, p = 0.015). Probing the fully three-dimensional signature of meats is critical to understand subtle differences in texture that may result in a different perception of taste. Our data and code are freely available at https://github.com/LivingMatterLab/CANN.
St Pierre, S. R., Darwin, E. C., Adil, D., Aviles, M. C., Date, A., Dunne, R. A., Lall, Y., Parra Vallecillo, M., Perez Medina, V. A., Linka, K., Levenston, M. E., & Kuhl, E. (2024). The mechanical and sensory signature of plant-based and animal meat. Npj Science of Food, 8(1), 94.
The role of risk attitude and political affiliation on Italian consumers’ acceptance of cultured meat for different levels of engagement
Abstract:
Cultured meat is produced in vitro, and it is presented as a method able to reduce the controversial effect of farmed meat, on the environment and animal welfare. To speed up the shift to sustainable food systems with such innovation, it is necessary to analyze consumer preferences and attitudes towards this novel food. Attention should be paid specifically to the relevant role of consumers’ political affiliation, risk attitudes, and perceptions of cultured meat, as compared to farmed meat, on consumers’ engagement with this novel food. This study investigates these aspects using a representative sample of the Italian population. Results show that as the level of engagement increases, consumers’ preferences depend heavily on their’ perceptions of cultured meat as compared to farmed meat. Our research offers valuable insights into consumers’ views related to cultured meat. Additionally, it provides practical guidance to promote cultured meat using an evidence-based strategy.
Proi, M., Coderoni, S., & Perito, M. A. (2024). The role of risk attitude and political affiliation on Italian consumers’ acceptance of cultured meat for different levels of engagement.
The role of strategic communication in facing paracrisis: A multiple case approach in the lab-grown meat industry
Abstract:
Purpose of the paper: This article explores the strategic role that communication can play in preventing crises and minimizing their negative effects in the cultured meat industry.
Methodology: The article adopts an exploratory methodology, particularly a multiple-case approach, to explore in detail and compare the communication strategies adopted by leading companies on the social media Facebook.
Findings: The findings of the study show evidence of paracrisis in the negative comments expressed by users to the corporate communication conveyed on Facebook, as well as highlighting the main objectives of strategic communication, such as educating the public, creating network effects, and creating emotional storytelling to increase public consciousness on the issue of cultured meat.
Research limits: The limitations of this research, which future studies can overcome, lie in the small sample of companies analyzed and the lack of quantitative methodologies suitable for measuring the real benefits of strategic communication on business performance.
Practical implications: The study provides many implications for managers and practitioners, such as establishing a stable presence on the leading online discussion channels to contain negative narratives, spread by detractors, and developing proactive communication strategies to highlight the positive contributions made by the company’s activities.
Originality of the paper: The paper’s originality lies in its appreciation of strategic communication’s central and multifaceted role in the innovative cultivated meat sector. Emphasizing its essential role in the pre-crisis phase in monitoring the external environment and identifying the most influential stakeholders in the narrative.
Testa, G., Giraldi, L., & Splendiani, S. (2024). The role of strategic communication in facing paracrisis: A multiple case approach in the lab-grown meat industry. Sinergie Italian Journal of Management, 42(3), 107–130.
Tissue engineering in the agri-food industry: Current status, socio-economic overview and regulatory compliance
Abstract:
The growing global demand for sustainable and safe food is a major challenge that increases the need for advanced alternatives such as tissue engineering (TE). TE offers promising solutions by improving yields, nutritional value and resilience of crops while also producing cultivated meat that reduces the environmental impact of livestock farming. The market potential for TE in meat production is considerable, and significant growth is expected. However, the regulatory framework for these innovations is developing slowly, and approval procedures vary across regions. This overview critically assesses the current applications of TE in the agri-food sector, their socio-economic potential and the regulatory challenges. It emphasises the need for harmonised, flexible and adaptive policies to effectively integrate engineered foods into the market.
Senyange, B., Wesana, J., Van Huylenbroeck, G., Gellynck, X., & De Steur, H. (2024). Tissue engineering in the agri-food industry: Current status, socio-economic overview and regulatory compliance. Current Opinion in Biotechnology, 91, 103228.
Transformative design strategies for plant-based diets: Opportunities for the Dutch protein transition
Abstract:
Pressing societal challenges such as climate change, biodiversity loss, increased concerns for animal welfare, and public health, have been linked to the amount of animal proteins in our diets. These complex issues have led to the call for a ‘plant-based protein transition’, implying a shift away from animal proteins towards plant-based proteins. This paper presents opportunities for design to foster the protein transition, building on two preceding studies – one involving four scenarios for the Dutch protein transition for the year 2035, and one presenting eight ‘transition design frames’ which each foster the transition in a distinct way. A transition design frame (or TD frame) is understood as a strategy for intervention, which proposes a solution direction for a societal issue. For instance, a TD frame could involve the mimicking of meat and dairy products (solution direction) to help consumers eat more sustainably without having to change their eating practices (societal issue). Designers embody their chosen framing in concrete products, services and other (behavioral) interventions. We summarize the two studies in this paper and continue by mapping the frames onto the scenarios. The mapping revealed that the scenarios provide directionality for the frames. We also find that designers can play a crucial role in fostering scenarios beyond ecomodernism. In every scenario, the TD frames can be tailored to actors other than consumers as well. Two opportunities for new TD frames emerged, one supporting people in letting go in transitions, and one helping people embrace new types of food and eating experiences. We warmly invite researchers and practitioners to experiment with the findings from this paper.
Peeters, A. L. (2024, November). Transformative design strategies for plant-based diets: Opportunities for the Dutch protein transition. EventEFOOD24: Designing for Phygital Food Systems.
Unfamiliar familiarity: A scoping review on the role of familiarity in consumer acceptance of cultivated meat
Abstract:
The gradual emergence of cultivated meat (CM) products on the market framed as sustainable alternatives to conventional animal-source foods makes it essential to examine the psychological barriers and predisposing factors that influence consumer acceptance. Familiarity is frequently suggested as a facilitating factor, based on the premise that increased familiarity with CM enhances acceptance. However, the evidence is contradictory and poorly integrated. This review aims to examine and organize the existing literature on the role of familiarity in consumer acceptance of CM. A scoping review of current peer-reviewed and grey literature was conducted, on June 7, 2024, following PRISMA-ScR and Joanna Briggs Institute methodological guidelines. A comprehensive search was performed across Scopus, Web of Science, PubMed, and PsycInfo, with no restrictions on participant type, geographic location, social and cultural contexts, language, or publication time, enhancing the review’s inclusivity and sensitivity. The 63 articles that met the inclusion criteria were analyzed to examine (i) definitions of familiarity, (ii) methodologies used to measure familiarity with CM, and (iii) evidence obtained regarding its role in the context of consumer acceptance of CM. Results indicated that current research on familiarity with CM shares limitations with the broader literature on CM acceptance, particularly concerning the non-representativeness of evidence and inconsistent approaches to constructs’ operationalization. Furthermore, familiarity is often used synonymously with related yet distinct constructs of awareness and knowledge, highlighting a lack of clarity in literature. The review also identified various approaches to assess familiarity, all lacking psychometric rigor, which hinder the replicability and comparability of findings. By unfolding the methodologies and evidence surrounding familiarity with CM, this review suggests further research to better specify the theoretical and operational definition of the familiarity construct and its relation with consumer acceptance of CM.
Raverta, P., Sandi, I., Martin, B., & Loera, B. (2024). Unfamiliar familiarity: A scoping review on the role of familiarity in consumer acceptance of cultivated meat. Preprint.
Utilizing 3D printing to create sustainable novel food products with innovative ingredients
Abstract:
In order to address the challenges posed by population expansion, climate change, depletion of natural resources, malnutrition and increased prevalence of chronic diseases, disruptive innovations are needed to achieve sustainable development. The utilization of new resources and novel production methods provide opportunities for the development of novel food products (NFPs). Here, we present the potential of 3D printing with personalized design for applications in the sustainable development of NFPs, such as the development of innovative food sources, reducing the consumption of natural resources and the impact on the environment, and preventing/treating malnutrition and chronic diseases. In addition, a systematic review of optimization measures such as raw material optimization, development of enhanced evaluation techniques, improved equipment performance, and application of artificial intelligence is presented to guide the application of 3D printing of NFPs. Finally, the challenges and future opportunities for food 3D printing are presented to provide new directions for the development of NFPs.
Feng, M., Zhang, M., Bhandari, B., Li, C., & Mujumdar, A. S. (2025). Utilizing 3D printing to create sustainable novel food products with innovative ingredients. Innovative Food Science & Emerging Technologies, 99, 103873.
Vegan fermented drinks as an alternative to milk: Trend or challenge?
The attention given to food has increased in recent decades due to consumers’ interest in the possible therapeutic and nutritional properties of foods. Eating habits are associated with the composition of the individual’s gastrointestinal microbiota, so changes in the intake of macronutrients and fiber can induce changes in bacterial diversity. A healthy microbiota pattern tends to be observed when an individual includes fermented foods. However, most fermented foods are dairy products. They cannot be consumed by specific population groups, such as people who are lactose intolerant, allergic to milk protein, or for lifestyle and diet reasons, such as vegans and vegetarians. From this fact, there is a need to offer consumers an alternative non-dairy fermented product, exploring new substances to supply dietary probiotics. In this context, water kefir, a symbiotic culture of lactic acid bacteria, acetic acid, and yeast, stands out as a viable and affordable option, providing benefits similar to dairy versions without allergenic components that are undesirable for specific groups. Given the above, the objective of this work is to conduct a literature review on vegan fermented drinks, providing an overview of the fermentation process and matrices used, as well as presenting the factors that impact their adequate development, in addition to encouraging a discussion about the vegan fermented drinks market, including the issue of promoting research and development of new products from non-traditional sources, such as water-soluble vegetable extracts made from quinoa, cashew nuts, pistachios, among others.
Gonçalves, G. C. V., Catharina Weis, C. M. S., Wolff, É. R., Alves, V., Sanches, F. L., Tormen, L., Treichel, H., & Bertan, L. C. (2024). Vegan fermented drinks as an alternative to milk: Trend or challenge? Food Science and Engineering, 1–26.
Animal product consumption
Dimensions of ethical consumption: A systematic review and future outlook
Abstract:
UN’s sustainable development goals view ethical consumption as a multi-dimensional construct addressing production and consumption-related sustainability challenges. The present study is the first to assimilate the five dimensions of ethical consumption—concern for environment, love of organic, preference for fair trade, regard for animal welfare, and anti-consumption/boycott movements—in a single review. This framework-based review using Theory-Context-Characteristic-Methods (TCCM) and employing Scientific Procedures and Rationales for Systematic Literature Reviews (SPAR-4 SLR) protocol, thoroughly synthesizes the state of knowledge, identifies research gaps and proposes directions for future research in ethical consumption. The authors review 123 articles from 2000 to 2024 sourced from SCOPUS by thoroughly examining antecedents, mediators, moderators, outcome variables, and interrelationships for all five dimensions. The authors recommend applying new consumer personality theories instead of familiar frameworks, adopting qualitative methods and longitudinal designs with multicultural and cross-national focus, and testing novel mediation and moderation mechanisms in clarifying interrelationships.
R, R., & Meppurath, D. P. (2024). Dimensions of ethical consumption: A systematic review and future outlook. Sustainable Development.
Do chefs have a beef with meat? An exploration of the professional representations and identities of French chefs in relation to traditional French cuisine and meat-based and plant-based dishes
Abstract:
The global ecological crisis is prompting the food service sector and its stakeholders to rethink and even reinvent their practices in order to meet social expectations and respond to environmental challenges. The ADEME (French Agency for Ecological Transition) (2021) defines sustainable cuisine as all the culinary practices used by chefs to reduce the environmental impact of restaurant activities, and to adapt the menu accordingly. In recent years, the first changes towards sustainable cuisine have been seen in the role of meat. Since 2019, the Michelin Guide has awarded a green star to restaurants that have invested in sustainable cuisine. It has awarded them to restaurants in France (e.g., Claire Vallée, ONA “Origine Non Animale” in Arès, one star in 2021) and worldwide (e.g., Daniel Humm, Eleven Madison Park in New York, three stars in 2022, first place in the World’s 50 Best in 2017 and Rasmus Kofoed, Geranium in Copenhagen, three Michelin stars, second place in the World’s 50 Best in 2021).
These measures regarding the role of meat are in line with the current scientific literature, whose recommendations indicate that a reduction in the consumption of products of animal origin, especially red meat, and an increase in the consumption of products of plant origin (e.g., cereals and/or legumes) are necessary in order to contribute to a more sustainable food system (Willett et al., 2019). The life cycle assessment of restaurants carried out by Dai et al. (2020) shows that meat products are the main source of their environmental impact…
Lamy, A. (2024). Do chefs have a beef with meat? An exploration of the professional representations and identities of French chefs in relation to traditional French cuisine and meat-based and plant-based dishes. Décisions Marketing.
Eating food produced in harmful ways: Wrongful complicity or moral tragedy?
Abstract:
Imagine you come across a leftover turkey sandwich that will expire soon, no one is around to eat it, and you cannot donate it to someone else before it goes bad. A new omnivore says that you should eat the sandwich. A common rebuttal to new omnivorism says that by eating the turkey sandwich you become complicit in industrialized animal agriculture: consuming the leftover sandwich amounts to a retroactive endorsement of the institution that produced it. This is the complicity objection to new omnivorism. In this paper, we argue that the complicity objection fails to ethically distinguish new omnivores and vegans. We suggest that we accept that there is no harmless-to-animals diet available, and so, rather than trying to find the impossible, we should confront this morally tragic reality head on. Doing so may support new omnivorism over veganism.
Bobier, C. A., & Milburn, J. (2024). Eating food produced in harmful ways: Wrongful complicity or moral tragedy? Journal of Applied Animal Ethics Research, 1–20.
Meat and the future of sustainable diets: Challenges and opportunities
Abstract:
The British Nutrition Foundation convened a roundtable event in January 2024 entitled ‘Meat and the Future of Sustainable Diets: Turning Challenges into Opportunities’, bringing together multi-sector stakeholders to discuss the social, nutritional, public health and environmental aspects of meat consumption within a sustainable food system. Participants explored the challenge of the complexity of balancing nutrition and planetary goals, emphasising the need to navigate trade-offs between various dimensions of sustainability. Whilst recognising the global nature of the issue, the roundtable primarily focussed on a UK perspective. The discussion highlighted the urgency of transforming the food system to achieve net zero, whilst ensuring broader environmental benefits, nutritional adequacy and dietary and health equity across all life stages. Concerns about poor dietary patterns, particularly among vulnerable groups were raised, with participants stressing the need for policies that promote healthy, sustainable and equitable diets without worsening inequalities. These policies should also enhance livelihoods and community wellbeing, foster resilience and support local economies.
Spiro, A., Hill, Z., & Stanner, S. (2024). Meat and the future of sustainable diets: Challenges and opportunities. Nutrition Bulletin / BNF, 49(4), 572–598.
Sizzling steaks and manly molds: Exploring the meanings of meat and masculinities in young men’s lives
Abstract:
Eating (red) meat and masculinity are historically and culturally associated, leading to the stereotype “real men eat meat” in western societies. Existing literature primarily examines men’s motivations, justifications, and attitudes toward meat consumption; however, there is limited understanding of the themes that emerging adult men associate with their meat consumption and how these themes relate to their masculine identity. This study employed semi-structured interviews with thirty men aged 18 to 29, living in Flanders, Belgium. Through inductive analysis, we identified five meat themes (i.e. the topics men talk about when discussing their meat-eating behavior): “traditional cuisine”, “doing meat”, “fitness”, “taste”, and “meat ethics”. Subsequently, these themes were deductively connected to the frameworks of Wong and Wang’s (2022) model of masculinities and Piazza et al.’s (2015) 4N scale of meat justification to gain insight into the link between masculine identities and meat consumption. Finally, we formulated five “masculine meat identities”: “normative”, “performative”, “embodied”, “hedonistic” and “ethical” meat masculinities. Each identity reflects how men utilize meat, particularly red meat, for communicating and reinforcing their masculine identity, while also serving as a medium for expressing personal and social identities. This research contributes to a deeper understanding of how food, especially meat, operates as a means of communicating gender, bridging the disciplines of food and masculinities studies. Moreover, insights obtained from these masculine meat identities provide implications for public health, marketing, and policy. By tailoring strategies that resonate with diverse masculine identities, stakeholders can better align their initiatives with global health and sustainable objectives.
Vrijsen, E., Van Bauwel, S., Dhoest, A., & De Backer, C. (2024). Sizzling steaks and manly molds: Exploring the meanings of meat and masculinities in young men’s lives. Appetite, 107754.
Steak is not the only meat: Men opt for alternative meat when mitigating masculinity threat
Abstract:
Grounding our research in the symbolic self completion theory, we explored situations in which men are particularly motivated to consume meat and alternative meat products. We tested whether men compensate their experience of masculinity threat by opting for meat, including red meat, white larvae and offal. We also examined whether disgust towards products and their perception as feminine affect such decisions. In Study 1 (N = 247), men opted for more meat products when feeling incomplete in their masculinity. In Study 2 (N = 256), spicy edible larvae were preferred by incomplete rather than complete men, despite the fact that bugs were considered disgusting and repulsive. Study 3 (N = 156) showed that preparing disgusting offal during a cooking course may compensate for the masculinity threat but only when it is not perceived as feminine. We discuss new research avenues and point to other boundary conditions that affect using various meat products in order to compensate for masculinity threat.
Poświstak-Jaźwiecka, I., Gollwitzer, P. M., & Byrka, K. (2024). Steak is not the only meat: Men opt for alternative meat when mitigating masculinity threat.
Still eating like there’s no tomorrow? A qualitative study to revisit attitudes and awareness around sustainable diets after 10 years
Abstract:
There is growing realisation that changes to the food system are needed to prevent the worst scenarios for future climatic change. One of these changes is for people to consume sustainable diets, which are healthy, do not place overwhelming strain on the environment, and are culturally and socially acceptable and economically attainable. One facet of such diets is that people in countries where meat is consumed in large quantities may need to reduce their intake. A 2013/14 study suggested that people were unaware of the link between diet and climate change, the need to change diets for environmental reasons and were reluctant to reduce meat eating. We sought to investigate whether people’s views on the topic had changed since then by repeating focus groups with 60 participants, revisiting the same geographic areas as the original study, and ensuring rural/urban areas and levels of deprivation remained constant. We solicited people’s understanding of sustainable diets and their willingness to adopt them. We found that awareness had increased, albeit not evenly among socioeconomic groups. During the intervening period greater media coverage linking environment and food was observed. There was more apparent willingness to reduce meat consumption, but many of the perceived and experienced barriers persisted that people claimed impeded them from doing so. Acknowledging the differing experiences and perceived barriers and facilitators from different groups is necessary to create interventions that address specific obstacles, making it easier for individuals to adopt more sustainable dietary practices and ultimately contributing to achieving environmental and public health goals.
Cleland, E., McBey, D., Darlene, V., McCormick, B. J., & Macdiarmid, J. I. (2024). Still eating like there’s no tomorrow? A qualitative study to revisit attitudes and awareness around sustainable diets after 10 years. Appetite, 107799.
Animal welfare
1st Edition Broiler Watch Report
Abstract:
n/a
Alianima. (2024). 1st Edition Broiler Watch Report. Alianima.
AI applications in animal behavior analysis and welfare
Abstract:
In recent years, the intersection of artificial intelligence (AI) and animal behavior analysis has opened up exciting possibilities for advancing animal welfare on multiple fronts. This explores the transformative impact of AI technologies in understanding, monitoring, and improving the well-being of animals in various contexts. Beginning with an introduction to the evolution of animal welfare studies and the increasing role of technology in this domain. It elucidates the foundational principles of animal behavior analysis, emphasizing the importance of studying and interpreting animal behavior to enhance their quality of life. Traditional approaches to animal behavior observation are discussed as a backdrop to the innovative solutions AI brings to the table. The chapter proceeds to dissect AI technologies employed in animal behavior analysis, ranging from machine learning techniques to computer vision, sensor technologies, and natural language processing. Applications of AI in farm animal welfare are examined, focusing on how it revolutionizes livestock management, particularly in agriculture, poultry, and dairy farming. Moreover, the discussion extends to wildlife conservation efforts, where AI enables the tracking and monitoring of endangered species and the study of animal behavior in natural habitats. This explores the impact of AI on companion animals, from enhancing pet welfare to aiding pet owners with behavioural insights. However, as with any technological advancement, ethical considerations and challenges come to the forefront. This evaluates the ethical dilemmas, privacy concerns, and the delicate balance between technology and animal welfare. Looking to the future, it anticipates emerging technologies in the field, such as predictive AI for animal behavior and collaborative research endeavors, offering a glimpse into the evolving landscape of animal welfare. The tangible benefits and impacts of AI in animal welfare are underscored, emphasizing its role in enhancing animal health, improving conservation efforts, and strengthening the human-animal bond.
Gupta, S. (2024). AI applications in animal behavior analysis and welfare. In Agriculture 4.0: Smart farming with IoT and Artificial Intelligence (pp. 224–244). CRC Press.
A reflexion on the oxidative stress and animal welfare: A review
Abstract:
A wide range of studies have documented the role of oxidative stress in the development of chronic pathological disorders and even in the aging itself. However, its significance to modern animal health and welfare remains neglected. Oxidative stress in biological systems refers to a disturbance in the balance between pro-oxidants and antioxidants in favour of the former, leading to potential damage of biomolecules. In farm animals, oxidative stress may be involved in several pathological conditions, including those that are relevant for animal production and the general welfare of the individuals, resulting in some cases in irreversible losses. The oxidative stress concept and how it may result in disease or be prevented are complex questions with no simple answers and therefore, call professionals for deep reflection, to maintain a high standard of animal welfare and production. The aim of this review was to gather relevant information on the characteristics of pro-oxidants and antioxidant as well as their significance in animal production systems.
Ntawubizi, M., & Mukamuhirwa, M. L. (2024). A reflexion on the oxidative stress and animal welfare: A review. Tropical Animal Health and Production, 56(9), 396.
Assessing the motivation of laying hens to outdoor space access and grass resources
Abstract:
The present study aimed at evaluating the motivation of laying hens to access outdoor space with grass resources and their behavior under indoor and outdoor conditions. A total of 54 laying hens (White Leghorns) at 38 weeks of age were housed in two experimental groups: indoor, 3 replicates of 9 hens each (10 hens/m2), and outdoor, 3 replicates of 9 hens each (10 m2/hen). The behavioral evaluation was performed using a video recording system, and the videos were analyzed using a scan sampling method. The motivation test was carried out in one of the replicates (9 hens in total) with outdoor access. To access the feed (used as gold standard), hens had to push a transparent one-way door with increasing weight (100 g every two days). The test was interrupted when each hen did not pass through the door for two consecutive days. The same protocol was applied to measure motivation towards accessing outdoor area with grass resources. The number of visits per hen decreased when the door weight increased (P<0.001). No hen reached the feed when the door weighed 650 g, while no hen reached the outdoor space and grass when the door weighed 750 g. Analyzing animal economics, the demand for grass resulted in a more inelastic trend than that for feed (P=0.002). Reservation price and total travel consumer surplus averaged 445 g and 6.881 kg, respectively, without differences between resources. The expenditure rate was significantly higher for grass as compared to feed (P<0.001), as well as the relative expenditure rate (P<0.001). The budget allocation resulted similar for feed and grass resources. In the group with access to an outdoor area, the proportion of hens walking and self-grooming increased, while the proportion of hens resting decreased compared to the group kept indoors (P<0.001). In conclusion, the present study demonstrates that laying hens are highly motivated to access outdoor space where they can find grass resources and perform species-specific behaviors.
Cartoni Mancinelli, A., Chiattelli, D., Menchetti, laura, Mariotti, S., Castellini, C., & Birolo, M. (2024). Assessing the motivation of lying hens to outdoor space access and grass resources.
Consumers’ acceptance of eggs as a function of hen genotype and rearing system
Abstract:
The aim of this study was to evaluate consumers’ acceptance of eggs as a function of hen genotype and rearing system. In view of supporting biodiversity safeguard and animal welfare, two Italian dual-purpose breeds (i.e., Bionda Piemontese, BP; Robusta Maculata, RM) and their crossbreeds with the commercial hybrid Sassò (BPxS; RMxS) were considered, reared in two different systems (i.e., enriched cage, C; free-range, F). As a reference, the commercial hybrid Lohmann Brown (L) was included in the experimental design. Eggs for sensory analysis were collected from 59-week-old layers and boiled for presentation to 80 untrained consumers. Panellists were instructed to indicate the liking degree in unstructured 9-point hedonic scales for the following attributes: overall appearance, general aroma, general flavour, yolk colour, texture, and overall liking. Cage-free and organic eggs were bought by 44% and 39% of the respondents, respectively, thus indicating a significant (p < 0.001) attention towards production system and animal welfare. Statistically significant differences (p < 0.05) were detected only for overall appearance, yolk colour, and overall liking. The maximum median score was always obtained for the eggs RMxS reared in F. Eggs from L reared F got the lowest median scores for overall appearance and yolk colour. Considering the overall liking attribute, the significantly most preferred samples (p < 0.05) resulted RM_C (6.60), BPxS_C (5.90), and RMxS_F (6.80). The hen genotype resulted significant (p < 0.05) for yolk colour and overall liking, whereas the rearing system significantly affected (p < 0.05) yolk colour and general aroma.
Castrica, M., Scappaticci, G., Balzaretti, C., Piscitelli, R., Sirri, F., & Alamprese, C. (2024). Consumers’ acceptance of eggs as a function of hen genotype and rearing system. Journal of Applied Poultry Research, 100504.
Consumers would rather buy a product with a levy for enhancing animal welfare than for environmental sustainability
Abstract:
Taxes have been identified as efficient measures to facilitate sustainable behaviour change but tend to be unpopular. Sustainability levies, which are a special type of tax, are less investigated and could come with fewer prejudices. To test consumers’ preferences for different sustainability levy options, we conducted an online survey in Switzerland with 481 participants (51 % female). They were presented with six products (i.e. fresh/processed vegetables, dairy, and meat) and for each product, they had four levy options to choose from. For vegetables, they were: (A) reduction of risks related to plant protection products, (B) more support for local farmers, (C) support for environmental sustainability, and (D) sustainability projects in general. For the animal products, option A was an increase in animal welfare. For all three comparisons (fresh vs. processed of vegetables, meat and dairy), the number of participants who chose the general sustainability information increased for processed products compared to fresh products. Further, we found that for the animal products, the majority of participants preferred the levy that increased animal welfare. For vegetables, participants preferred a levy that reduced risks related to plant protection products and supported local farmers. We found that when the sustainability levy was not defined, it tended to be understood as environmental sustainability. Using multinomial logistic regression, we identified the perception of farmers as a significant predictor of a levy choice to support local farmers. We conclude that animal products should ensure and transparently communicate animal welfare to drive sustainable behaviour change. Similarly, improving the public perceptions of farmers and encouraging interaction between farmers and consumers can help build public support for local farmers and promote the purchase of sustainable products.
Ammann, J., Mack, G., El Benni, N., & Saleh, R. (2025). Consumers would rather buy a product with a levy for enhancing animal welfare than for environmental sustainability. Sustainable Production and Consumption, 53, 99–108.
Effect of various types of housing systems in poultry especially broilers
Abstract:
This study examines the impact of various housing systems on broiler chicken productivity, welfare, and overall performance. As poultry farming faces an increasing demand for meat production, understanding how different housing arrangements affect broiler growth, health, and behavior is essential. Four housing systems were analyzed such as traditional cages, deep litter, free-range, and environmentally controlled systems. Data were collected over 42 days, focusing on key performance indicators, such as weight gain, feed conversion ratio (FCR), mortality rates, and behavioral scores. The study used a randomized experimental design, with 400 broiler chicks randomly assigned to each housing system. The results indicated significant variations across the systems. The controlled-environment group showed the highest weight gain and the lowest FCR, suggesting improved production efficiency. However, while fostering better behavioral welfare through natural behaviors, such as foraging and dust bathing, the free-range system exhibited higher mortality rates. While efficient in terms of space, traditional cages had moderate welfare scores and were less favorable in promoting natural behaviors. Deep litter systems provided moderate welfare benefits and weight gain but were less efficient in feed conversion. Statistical analyses confirmed that all housing systems significantly affected broiler performance, with the controlled environment outperforming other systems regarding weight gain and feed efficiency, whereas the free-range system excelled in welfare. The study concluded that housing systems required balancing productivity, animal welfare, and environmental sustainability and highlighted the need for more research to optimize broiler housing designs for diverse production contexts.
Rauf, U., Batool, F., Usman, M., Mohsan, M., Assad, M. A., Ali, M. M., Mujtaba, M., Awan, G. M., Iftikhar, M. A., & Abdullah, S. S.. (2024). Effect of various types of housing systems in poultry especially broilers. International Journal of Business Research, 2(2), 600–607.
Embedding cultural perspectives into animal welfare science education through study abroad opportunities
Abstract:
Animal welfare is a global issue. The ability of our future workforce to solve global issues is contingent on their understanding of and ability to work with people from diverse cultural backgrounds. Study abroad programming can improve cross-cultural abilities of participating students. Therefore, study abroad opportunities in animal welfare education may be a particularly fruitful approach for preparing students to address animal welfare issues globally. We discuss the value of offering study abroad courses in animal welfare, detail one such course as a case study, and review pedagogical literature related to course design to guide the development of similar programs.
Makagon, M. M., & Topczewska, J. (2024). Embedding cultural perspectives into animal welfare science education through study abroad opportunities. Translational Animal Science, 8.
Impact of growth rate on the welfare of broilers
Abstract:
Selection for the more efficient production of broilers has resulted in rapid growth rates. The aim was to review the existing knowledge on the effect of growth rate on broiler welfare. Genotypes with faster growth rates consistently demonstrate poorer gait scores and increased prevalence of disorders affecting their legs than slower-growing genotypes. Reduced mobility places faster-growing broilers at an increased risk of developing contact dermatitis, as they spend increased durations sitting in contact with litter. Poor walking ability, heavy body weights, and conformational differences such as proportionally larger breast muscle in genotypes with faster growth can impact a bird’s ability to walk and navigate the environment, making it difficult to access resources and express natural behaviors. Faster growth has also been associated with poor cardiovascular health, increased susceptibility to heat stress, increased prevalence of mortality, ascites, as well as multiple breast muscle myopathies. Feed restriction, a practice associated with hunger and frustration, may be used to control the growth of broiler breeders, with birds having higher growth potential typically experiencing higher restriction levels. Overall, there is strong evidence that fast growth rates negatively impact welfare, and that slower-growing genotypes show significantly improved welfare. Furthermore, some evidence suggests that even minor reductions in growth rate can lead to welfare improvements.
Riber, A. B., & Wurtz, K. E. (2024). Impact of growth rate on the welfare of broilers. Animals : An Open Access Journal from MDPI, 14(22).
Impact of the educational level of the owners on the implementation of good livestock practices on selected farms
Abstract:
Implementation good farming practices (GFPs) is critical to improving the livestock sector´s sustainability, food safety and competitiveness. However, in Manabí, Ecuador, a low level of adoption of these practices has been observed, possibly because of the educational level of farm owners. This study sought to analyze the relationship between the educational level of owners and the implementation of GFPs on 60 cattle farms, which were classified as small, medium or large according to the number of adult cows. Stratified sampling and an evaluation guide based on the FAO, WHO and OIE criteria were used. The data were analyzed via multiple correspondence analysis (MCA) techniques and chi-square tests. The results revealed that medium farms had the highest GFPs compliance (35%), followed by large and small farms (30%). In addition, a positive relationship was found between the educational level of the owners and the implementation of GFPs, highlighting that those with higher education levels showed better adherence to sanitary, animal welfare and environmental management practices. In conclusion, the educational level of owners is fundamental for the adoption of GFPs, so strengthening training programs in the livestock sector is recommended.
Delgado-Demera, M. H., Vasquez-Gamboa, L., Zambrano-Alcivar, E. R., Zambrano-Gavilanes, M. P., Vera-Loor, L. E., López-Rauschemberg, M. K., Larrea-Izurieta, C. O., Macías-Andrade, J. I., Cedeño-Palacios, C. A., & Macías-Rodriguez, E. G. (2024). Impact of the educational level of the owners on the implementation of good livestock practices on selected farms. Journal of Animal Behaviour and Biometeorology.
Positive welfare in dairy cows: Role of the vet
n/a
Russell, A., Randall, L., Green, M., & Thompson, J. (2024). Positive welfare in dairy cows: Role of the vet. In Practice, 46(9), 485–496.
The correlation between on-farm biosecurity and animal welfare indices in large-scale turkey production
Abstract:
This research aimed to determine the association between biosecurity and animal welfare measures in large-scale fattening turkey farms in Hungary. Large-scale farms raising male fattening turkeys across Hungary were contacted, with 24 agreeing to participate. The Biocheck.UGent questionnaire was used to evaluate biosecurity measures, and Animal Welfare Indicators (AWIN) protocol was used for welfare assessment. The association between biosecurity and welfare indicators was investigated by correlation testing and prediction accuracy using random forest classification. The areas of biosecurity that were shown to be closely linked to the welfare index were the organization of the farm (farm management, supply of materials), the control and hygienic measures implemented between farm structures, cleaning and disinfection measures on the farm, and control and hygienic measures implemented in the case of farm workers and visitors upon entrance and exit. The study highlighted the link between biosecurity and animal welfare in turkey production, concluding that enhanced biosecurity measures correlate with better welfare outcomes and emphasizing the need for comprehensive and well-implemented biosecurity protocols.
Kovács, L., Klaucke, C. R., Farkas, M., Bakony, M., Jurkovich, V., & Könyves, L. (2024). The correlation between on-farm biosecurity and animal welfare indices in large-scale turkey production. Poultry Science, 104(1), 104598.
Weighing animal welfare: Comparing well-being across species
Abstract:
When, if ever, is it better to spend money to improve pig welfare over chicken welfare? Which species of fish is worst off in commercial aquaculture operations? When, if ever, would humans benefit less from a policy than animals stand to lose? The answers to these questions involve making interspecies welfare comparisons—assessments of how well or poorly the members of one species are faring compared to the members of another species. It’s important to answer these questions, as governments, NGOs, and private actors regularly make decisions that assume particular views about them. However, there is no accepted method for making interspecies welfare comparisons; welfare assessment tools are designed to make comparisons within species, not across them. This volume addresses this crucial gap in the literature: it proposes a methodology for making such comparisons, it puts that methodology into practice, and then reports some tentative, proof-of-concept results. This book reports the results of a collaborative, 20-month, interdisciplinary project on making interspecies welfare comparisons. It includes contributions from philosophers, neuroscientists, comparative psychologists, animal welfare scientists, and many others. Unlike many edited volumes, this book is the product of a joint enterprise with a specific, shared goal: to develop a way to make principled comparisons between courses of action that affect different kinds of animals. This book reflects the contributors’ collective view about one way to achieve that goal.
Fischer, B. (Ed.). (2024). Weighing animal welfare: Comparing well-being across species. Oxford University PressNew York, NY.
Aquatic animal welfare
A global synthesis of environmental enrichment effect on fish stress
Abstract:
The stress-coping ability (SCA) is one of the core aspects of fish welfare and is of vital importance for fish production in the aquaculture industry and for fish fitness in hatchery release. Environmental enrichment (EE), a method of introducing external stimuli into the husbandry environment, has been recently proposed to improve fish SCA, but the present experimental evidence is mixed, and the reasons for these discrepancies are unclear. Here, we conducted a global meta-analysis using a data set that consists of 1786 cases from 107 studies across 42 fish species to solve this problem. Overall, we found that enriched fish had significantly higher SCA than control fish, reflected in either basal stress levels or stress responses. Meta-regression analyses showed that specific subgroups of enrichment type, fish developmental stage, stress category, stress duration, stress place, sample tissue and indicator system showed significant positive EE effects on SCA. Multi-model inference indicated that the indicator system, fish developmental stage, stress characteristic and enrichment mode are important drivers for the high heterogeneity among effect sizes. These results highlight the importance of introducing EE into the rearing systems, which will not only increase the welfare of aquaculture fish but also improve the ecological adaptability of released fish. The comprehensive knowledge obtained in this analysis will provide insights into fish ontogenetic plasticity and its responses to EE and have important implications for improving the production cycle in fish aquaculture and fisheries conservation.
Zhang, Z., He, Y., Wang, J., Zheng, Y., Mo, J., Zhang, X., & Liu, W. (2025). A global synthesis of environmental enrichment effect on fish stress. Fish and Fisheries, 26(1), 131–154.
Farmed fish: Welfare indicators at slaughter and consumer health
Abstract:
The mammalian brain is predictive. If it assumes that similar predictive processing plays a key role in the fish brain, the available evidence suggests that fish have some kind of consciousness and experience subjective feelings. Fish can easily learn to associate various stimuli with resources and dangers. The capacity of fish to learn opens new ways to assess welfare. Killing farmed animals in an operation that may induce suffering to the animals even under the best available technical conditions. Moreover, fish have different physiological characteristics and are slaughtered differently from terrestrial animals. The use of commercially available methods exposes farmed fish to pain and suffering during slaughter, which could lead to acute stress and post-mortem changes in fish quality. In agreement with European laws and regulations, the precautionary approach of EC Regulation 178/2002 must be applied to improve fish welfare, particularly at slaughter. Specific protocols for fish are not provided in EC Regulation 1099/2009 on animal protection at killing. Detailed guidelines in the fish welfare assessment may allow the development of specific fish legislation. As welfare indicators, applying operational indicators and identifying practical measures at slaughter may improve fish welfare. Developing humane technologies might have important effects on fish quality, consumer perception and aquaculture economics.
Mercogliano, R., & Avolio, A. (2024, November). Farmed fish: Welfare indicators at slaughter and consumer health. Pioneering Pathways- Advancements in Animal Science and Veterinary Care. World Congress on Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine.
Enhancing farmed fish welfare: Evaluating the effectiveness of plant-based stress mitigating agents as sedatives in sea bass (Dicentrarchus labrax) following intraperitoneal vaccination
Abstract:
The effectiveness of vaccines may be compromised by the stress response induced by intraperitoneal/intramuscular (IP/IM) vaccination due to an intimate interaction between the neuroendocrine and immune systems. Essential oils (EOs), known for their antibacterial, antioxidant, and sedative properties, are potential candidates to mitigate this stress response. This study investigates the short-term sedative effect of two essential oil-based products, FishEase-C (FEC) and FishEase-L (FEL) in sea bass prior to intraperitoneal vaccination (IP). Physiological stress indicators (plasma cortisol, glucose, lactate) increased 1-h post-vaccination (hpv) as expected. Cortisol remained elevated up to 24 hpv in the N.P. vaccine and FEC + vaccine groups but decreased with FEL treatment (FEL + vaccine group). However, FEC at the tested concentration appeared to induce stress. The transcription of stress (gr, hsp70, cox2), immune (il1β, il6, tnfα), and antioxidant (gpx, sod, catalase) genes confirmed the vaccination-induced stress response, with mc2r transcription indicating increased cortisol production in vaccinated groups (N.P. vaccine and FEC + vaccine). FEL reduced stress at both physiological (e.g., cortisol) and transcriptional levels (e.g., hsp70, cox2 and il6) at either 1 or 24 hpv. It is worth noting that, from an inflammatory perspective, there was a big difference between tissues in terms of magnitude and pattern (treatment and time effects). The brain was more resistant to inflammation, while the head kidney and spleen showed heightened il1β expression (860-2100-fold). These findings support the use of FEL as a sedative before IP/IM vaccination in sea bass.
Azizi, S., Balasch, J. C., Cartan, S., Jerez-Cepa, I., Mancera, J. M., Tort, L., & Khansari, A. R. (2025). Enhancing farmed fish welfare: Evaluating the effectiveness of plant-based stress mitigating agents as sedatives in sea bass (Dicentrarchus labrax) following intraperitoneal vaccination. Fish & Shellfish Immunology, 156, 110058.
Optimism about wild fish welfare
Abstract:
Many philosophers and Effective Altruist researchers have argued that the overall welfare of wild fish is negative. Since there are more fish than any other kind of wild vertebrate on earth (even when taken together), the view that suffering is predominate among wild fish is a key part of their larger suggestion that the overall welfare of wild vertebrates is negative, a view I’ll call ‘wildlife pessimism.’ Correspondingly, undermining the wildlife pessimist’s view might largely be accomplished simply by taking a closer look at their arguments concerning fish. Focusing on fish alone will allow for a greater depth of empirical analysis than has hitherto been possible in the wildlife welfare debate, which usually features attempts to discuss all wild animals at once. As I will show, wildlife optimism is at least as likely as wildlife pessimism. That is, it seems just as plausible that wild fish have a welfare level that is neutral or positive overall.
York, K. (2024). Optimism about wild fish welfare. Journal of Agricultural & Environmental Ethics, 37(4), 16.
The status of academic research on salmon farming: A scoping review protocol
Abstract:
Salmon aquaculture (variously Atlantic and Pacific) has rapidly expanded across Norway, Chile, Canada, and Scotland, amongst others, driven by advancements in technology and market dynamics. However, this growth has spurred debates around environmental and socio-economic sustainability, especially concerning environmental degradation and “food imperialism.” The intensive industry, once purported to be essential for global protein supply, is now scrutinised for prioritising luxury markets over food security and for its high ecological and social impacts, including pollution, disease spread, feed supply chain effects, and damaging livelihoods and standards of living. Climate change intensifies these concerns, with rising sea temperatures and extreme weather exacerbating disease and infrastructure risks, for example. Furthermore, the industry’s reaction to activism raises issues of transparency and public accountability. With high mortality rates and substantial welfare concerns, the sector faces ethical scrutiny as well. This review aims to map academic research on salmon farming, analysing how studies address themes such as environmental impacts, socio-economic consequences, industrial profitability, and regulatory frameworks. We will search for relevant records from The Lens bibliographic meta-database using a tried-and-tested search strategy. We will then systematically screen records at title and abstract level and full text level according to a set of predefined inclusion criteria. Following this, we will systematically extract and code metadata, including geographical focus, study objectives and design, and funding sources. Visualisation tools, such as heat maps and interactive atlases, will illustrate research distribution and highlight gaps in the literature. The project will provide a comprehensive overview that will inform future systematic reviews and primary research, particularly in underexplored areas. This scoping review thus offers a foundation for a critical assessment of the research literature on salmon farming and its role in global food systems, social and ecological impacts, and the effectiveness of regulatory practices.
Haddaway, N. R., Grainger, M., Sciberras, M., Kelling, I., & Cooke, S. J. (2024). The status of academic research on salmon farming: A scoping review protocol.
Tilapia: Aquaculture, biology and health management
Abstract:
Tilapia are a group of cichlid fish endemic to tropical freshwater in Africa, Jordan and Israel, that are extremely nutritious and in high global demand. They are a popular species to farm because of their relative ease of culture, their tolerance to relatively high stocking densities, large size, rapid growth and palatability.
As a thorough exploration of tilapia aquaculture, this book emphasizes the significance of this group of fish and discusses the crucial elements of tilapia farming, including their reproductive and genetic characteristics, the various cultivation systems employed and the emerging governance of the practice. It also addresses important health management issues, focusing on nutrition, immunology, and animal welfare and extensively analyses the diseases that afflict tilapia, how they are diagnosed and what potential zoonotic hazards exist.
The value of the book includes:
Contributing to the wider understanding of tilapia aquaculture and the importance of the species to global food security.
Providing an in-depth discussion on tilapia fish health, including major diseases, nutrition, immunology and disease prevention.
Giving detailed insights into tilapia genetics, production systems, and reproduction.
Written by an international team of experts to advance the long-term, sustainable growth of the global aquaculture industry, this book is a comprehensive and essential resource for anyone involved in or learning about tilapia farming.
Thompson, K., Shoemaker, C. A., & Little, D. C. (Eds.). (2024). Tilapia: Aquaculture, biology and health management. CABI.
Why is fish welfare still so neglected?
Abstract:
Oldfield & Bonano (O&B) address an important problem in the field of fish welfare, one that calls for greater attention from scientists and practitioners. O&B show that fish welfare, particularly at the psychological level, is under-investigated. They focus mainly on zoos and aquaria, but their concerns extend also to other domains, including fish farming. Fish are sentient animals; priority should be given to their welfare in all environments where they are under human care.
Maia, C. M. (2024). Why is fish welfare still so neglected? Animal Sentience, 9(36).
Climate change and sustainability
Advancing climate resilience: Technological innovations in plant-based, alternative and sustainable food production systems
Abstract:
Sustainable food production is becoming essential, and a shift from traditional practices to more responsible alternatives aiming to generate nutritious, safe, and accessible food while minimizing environmental impacts is crucial. This review article discusses the importance of sustainable food production technologies in meeting global food demand while addressing problems regarding climate change. Some of the key technologies include precision agriculture, hydroponics, aquaponics and vertical farming. Precision agriculture uses technology to enhance farming efficiency by gathering data on soil and water variations and optimizing practices like planting, fertilization, and irrigation. Hydroponics and aquaponics are other alternatives for growing plants using as much as 90% less water and producing more food compared to conventional methods, while vertical farming can increase crop yield per land area, particularly in urban settings, due to its potential to reduce the strain on conventional agricultural land suitable for urban regions. Additionally, genetic modification can help create desirable traits of some plants making them plausible to integrate in vertical farming systems, but this requires careful management. Furthermore, nanotechnology is emerging as another method poised to transform agriculture by providing sustainable and efficient solutions for nutrient regulation, plant growth, and disease resistance whereas Agriculture 5.0 combines traditional agriculture with modern technologies to improve sustainable food production. Finally, alternative protein sources, such as plant-based, insects, cultured meat, mycoprotein and microalgae have emerged as a sustainable solution to traditional meat production. Integrating the abovementioned technologies into agricultural practices is crucial for achieving multiple Sustainable Development Goals.
Mešić, A., Jurić, M., Donsì, F., Maslov Bandić, L., & Jurić, S. (2024). Advancing climate resilience: Technological innovations in plant-based, alternative and sustainable food production systems. Discover Sustainability, 5(1), 423.
Associations between Big-5 personality traits, cognitive ability, and climate beliefs and behaviours: Results From a longitudinal UK birth cohort
Abstract:
Anthropogenic climate change is an existential threat to both humans and wider biodiversity. However, cumulatively, individuals’ actions can help to mitigate the impacts of climate change. Understanding the factors which shape individuals’ beliefs about climate change, and their environmental behaviours, is therefore crucial. Here, we explore whether individual differences—Big-5 personality traits and cognitive ability—are associated with climate beliefs and behaviours, using longitudinal data from a UK birth cohort study. Individual differences were measured when the participants were teenagers (aged 13 to 15 years), with climate beliefs and behaviours assessed at approximately age 30 years. These climate beliefs and behaviours included: belief that the climate is changing, concern over climate change, whether humans are to blame for climate change, whether individual actions can mitigate climate change, and whether they were undertaking a range of pro-environmental behaviours for climate reasons (e.g., reducing air travel, reducing meat/dairy consumption). Regression models were used to explore the associations between individual differences and climate belief and behaviour outcomes, adjusting for a range of relevant sociodemographic confounders. Overall, we found consistent positive associations between agreeableness, openness to experience and cognitive ability scores and environmental knowledge and action. Weaker, and more inconsistent, associations were reported for extraversion, conscientiousness and emotional stability. These results suggest that individual differences may shape an individual’s beliefs and actions regarding climate change, and potentially indicates groups where climate information campaigns could be targeted.
Freminot, K., Major-Smith, K., Northstone, K., Halstead, I., & Major-Smith, D. (2024). Associations between Big-5 personality traits, cognitive ability, and climate beliefs and behaviours: Results From a longitudinal UK birth cohort. Europe’s Journal of Psychology, 20(4), 288–302.
Balancing future food security and greenhouse gas emissions from animal-sourced protein foods in Southeast Asia
Abstract:
Southeast Asia’s human population is expected to rise by 100 million between 2023 and 2050, with an associated rise in animal-product output in the region’s low- to middle-income countries. Countries with the largest population are forecast to continue their increasing poultry consumption, with regional pig meat consumption also to rise, but much less than in China to the north, and much less in Muslim-dominant countries. The forecast growth in the regional ruminant population is more modest and the farm-gate greenhouse gas (GHG) cost per unit of human food protein generated is much higher for ruminant meat (203–584 kg carbon dioxide equivalents (CO2e)/kg protein) than for pig meat (18 kg/kg) or poultry (4 kg/kg). Changing human diets away from ruminant or any animal-sourced protein, is being explored to increase the human food supply at a lower GHG cost. However, with small-holder livestock production systems dominant across many regional countries, the social, land-use and broader economic roles of ruminants need consideration. Strategies to expand ruminant production but with a reduced GHG unit cost (emission intensity) are being pursued. Increasing individual animal-product output, largely through simple animal health and nutritional management decisions, can allow future food targets to be met at a lower GHG emission than if this additional food was produced by business-as-usual livestock production systems. Because the Paris Agreement recognises the priority of food provision over emission abatement, it seems reasonable that much of Southeast Asia should pursue emission intensity targets more than absolute emission targets, and reflect this in their nationally determined contributions (NDCs). Emission-intensity intentions are already apparent not just in NDCs but in emerging carbon markets.
Hegarty, R., Tee, T. P., Liang, J. B., Hassim, H. A., Zainudin, M. H., Azizi, A., Widiawati, Y., Pok, S., Candyrine, S. C., & Rusli, N. D. (2024). Balancing future food security and greenhouse gas emissions from animal-sourced protein foods in Southeast Asia. Animal Production Science.
From kitchen to climate: Multimedia interventions on social media as science tools for sustainability communication among food business actors
Abstract:
Purpose
The purpose of this study is to hypothesize that tailored multimedia interventions using the Elaboration Likelihood Model and Behavior Change Techniques via social media platforms have the potential to effectively disseminate scientific information regarding food sustainability to food professionals. The objective is to evaluate the extent of the influence of these interventions on social media in enhancing the knowledge, attitudes and behaviors of food professionals about food sustainability, with a specific focus on next-generation professional chefs.
Design/methodology/approach
A total of 121 students majoring in gastronomy and culinary arts volunteered to participate in the study. A 5-min multimedia intervention was explicitly tailored for their backgrounds and designed for social media platforms. It covered food sustainability topics and related factors using a diverse range of multimedia elements, such as video, still images, text and audio narration. Furthermore, researchers developed a validated questionnaire that covered the same topics as the multimedia intervention. In a quasi-experimental design, participants were administered the questionnaire both before and after watching the tailored multimedia intervention.
Findings
The results of this study revealed significant improvements in participants’ knowledge and attitudes of key concepts, including greenhouse gases and their relation to climate change, climate change and meat-based menu items relation, inequality in the distribution of natural resources, primary sources of food loss, the significance of implementing new technology in agricultural activities and the role of the next generation. The multimedia shifted participants’ attitudes, prioritizing climate change as the most critical and strengthening the perception of local food production as the least critical factors. Moreover, it strengthened participants’ attitudes toward the Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry as the primary actor in sustainability.
Research limitations/implications
Although culinary students may be seen as a subset of a targeted food professional group, they are the future leaders of the global food system. Chefs have substantial influences in a broad range of settings and sectors, including institutional food service, chain restaurants, the food and beverage industry and home cooking via books and television programs, among others. Chefs increasingly adopt sustainable menus and business practices to promote sustainable food systems and reduce climate change associated with the food sector. In addition, they use their community power to advocate for legislation that promotes the long-term sustainability of food systems.
Practical implications
Chefs and restaurant owners can use the results to tailor multimedia about food sustainability topics for their staff training programs and daily sharing on their social media platforms. Government organizations and policymakers can use the results to develop effective communication plans with food professionals. Non-governmental organizations dedicated to the environment and food sustainability can tailor multimedia campaigns on social media that address the food professionals directly to encourage them to adopt sustainable practices. Professional teams producing content on social media platforms can use the results to create engaging and informative scientific multimedia interventions targeting food professionals.
Social implications
In a broader societal context, enhancing the scientific knowledge, attitudes and behavior of the professional chefs toward food sustainability will, in turn, lead to widespread adaptation of sustainable practices, not only within their professional domains but also in wider community settings. This will significantly contribute to the major goal of advancing food sustainability and addressing global challenges like food inequality and food insecurity.
Originality/value
The impact of various variables and the roles of different food sectors and their actors in food sustainability have been extensively studied. Furthermore, a wide range of research has examined diverse consumer groups’ food sustainability knowledge, attitudes and behaviors. However, developing an effective method for communicating and advocating scientific facts about food sustainability-related topics has been a challenge. Traditional environmental education is insufficient for fostering sustainable change. As social media are the fastest-growing science communication tool, this pioneering research suggests multimedia interventions on social media to improve food professionals’ food sustainability knowledge, attitudes and behaviors to fill the literature gap.
Ozilgen, S., Yalcin, S., Aktuna, M., Baylan, Y., & Ates, H. (2024). From kitchen to climate: Multimedia interventions on social media as science tools for sustainability communication among food business actors. International Journal of Sustainability in Higher Education.
Greek consumers’ perspectives on sustainable food: A cluster analysis approach
Abstract:
Purpose
Sustainable development has become increasingly urgent due to significant environmental and social challenges, and sustainable food consumption has emerged as a critical component of this development. This study examined Greek consumers’ sustainability preferences and explores consumer segments related to demographics and food choices.
Design/methodology/approach
An online survey of 285 consumers from Attica, Greece, reported on a wide range of factors: environmental and health-related attributes, food waste, food miles, fair trade and sustainability perceptions.
Findings
Five factors affecting food sustainability preferences were identified: environmental attributes, unhealthy preferences, organic qualities, local and seasonal attributes, and sustainability attitudes. Based on these factors, three consumer segments were discovered. Ecocentrics displayed strong attitudes towards sustainability; conformists exhibited a higher preference for conventional, Western-type diets; and convenientarians showed a preference for quick and affordable meals with limited concern for sustainability. Demographics (gender and age) and food consumption were associated with food sustainability preferences. Despite the financial constraints faced by most Greek consumers, food preferences and consumption patterns were consistent with sustainability principles, which may be explained by the long-standing tradition of the Mediterranean diet.
Research limitations/implications
This study is not without limitations. The cross-sectional design prevents establishing causal relationships between demographic factors and sustainability preferences. Future research should explore longitudinal studies to assess how consumer preferences and sustainability behaviours evolve over time, particularly in response to environmental and economic changes. This would provide deeper insights into the durability and evolution of sustainability preferences. The sample used in this study was drawn from the Attica region, which is largely urban. Therefore, the findings may not be generalisable to other parts of Greece, especially rural areas where sustainability practices and food choices might differ. Future research should include more diverse geographic samples to better understand regional variations in consumer behaviour, particularly in rural settings.
Practical implications
These findings strongly suggest the necessity of raising awareness regarding sustainable fast-prep meals, meat-substitute products and plant-based options that are local and organic.
Social implications
Furthermore, the recognition of gender and age as significant determinants of sustainable food behaviours challenges traditional assumptions and stereotypes about consumer behaviour, highlighting the need for a more inclusive and diverse approach to sustainability, that takes into account the varying perspectives and experiences of different demographic groups. This alignment between demographic characteristics and sustainable food behaviours underscores the need for targeted interventions and strategies to promote sustainability across diverse demographic groups. Ecocentrics have higher rates of marriage and parenthood, indicating that family dynamics might encourage more sustainable food choices.
Originality/value
The contribution of this study is twofold: (1) it provides data on consumer perceptions in an economically challenged Mediterranean country and (2) it offers new evidence on the actual size of sustainable/non-sustainable consumer segments in Greece. Understanding these consumer behaviours is crucial for developing targeted strategies that support sustainable practices and address the specific needs of low-income Mediterranean countries. By investigating these dynamics, this study provides valuable insights into the broader Mediterranean region, offering a framework for policymakers and businesses to address the evolving preferences and constraints of these consumers.
Varela, P. (2024). Greek consumers’ perspectives on sustainable food: A cluster analysis approach. British Food Journal.
Dietary change interventions
Can social norms promote sustainable food consumption? A systematic review
Abstract:
As societies transition towards a reduction of meat consumption and a shift to plant-based diets to address sustainability challenges, several studies highlight the importance of social norm interventions in promoting sustainable food choices. Nonetheless, syntheses of research on the effectiveness of such interventions are currently lacking, hampering our ability to inform and propose new research directions to increase sustainability in real-world contexts. In this paper, we review and evaluate the current body of evidence, focusing on studies targeting a reduction in animal-based food consumption and/or an increase in plant-based consumption, and specifically motivated as contributing to the climate change discourse. We searched five databases, theses repositories, and grey literature and contacted authors in the field to obtain manuscripts and pre-prints. Our search identified 23 articles including 34 separate studies meeting our eligibility criteria. Since 2017, we witnessed a rapid increase in research interest for trials exploring the effect of social norms to nudge individuals towards sustainable food choices. Overall, based on the results of this review, we conclude these interventions have had limited success and we identify opportunities for future research on this topic, such as identifying the most relevant referent group for various segments of the population.
Pollicino, D., Zamzow, H., Shreedhar, G., Galizzi, M. M., Naci, H., & Freitag, P. (2024). Can social norms promote sustainable food consumption? A systematic review. Preprint.
Chasing the transition to plant-based diets: A need for more focus and guidance to facilitate effective dietary changes
Abstract:
n/a
Marinangeli, C. P. (2024). Chasing the transition to plant-based diets: A need for more focus and guidance to facilitate effective dietary changes. The Journal of Nutrition.
Dietary changes among people practicing Meatless Monday
Abstract:
Background
High meat consumption negatively impacts human and planetary health. Meatless Monday (MM) is a widely known public health initiative that promotes healthy and sustainable diets by encouraging people to eliminate meat for one day each week.
Objectives
This study investigated whether exposure to MM, through practicing MM and receiving the MM e-newsletter, is associated with reduced meat intake on days other than Mondays.
Methods
This cross-sectional study analyzed survey responses from MM e-newsletter subscribers (n = 1172). Using logistic regression analysis, we investigated the relationship between practicing MM and additional changes in meat intake, including eliminating meat on more than one day per week, eliminating meat entirely, and incorporating more meatless recipes at home and when eating out. We also examined the relationship between the duration of time receiving the MM e-newsletter and meat consumption.
Results
Participants who reported practicing MM were 15 times more likely to eliminate meat more than one day per week compared to non-practicers (Adjusted Odds Ratio (aOR) = 15.1, 95CI 6.4 to 36.0, p < 0.001), three times more likely to eliminate meat entirely (aOR = 2.8, 95CI 1.3 to 6.0, p = 0.009), five times more likely to incorporate more meatless recipes at home (aOR = 4.9, 95CI 1.2 to 19.3, p = 0.024), and three times more likely to order more meatless meals when eating out (aOR = 3.1, 95CI 1.4 to 6.8, p = 0.007), respectively. Furthermore, participants who subscribed to the MM e-newsletter for longer were significantly more likely to eliminate meat more than one day per week or from their diet entirely.
Conclusions
MM could be used as part of a multi-pronged strategy to promote healthy and sustainable diets, offering a small-step approach that may lead to beneficial dietary changes for both people and the planet.
Shakory, S., Altema-Johnson, D., Hendrickson, Z. M., & Ramsing, R. (2024). Dietary changes among people practicing Meatless Monday: A cross-sectional study. Appetite.
Diet quality and past changes in food consumption as determinants of intentions to eat less meat and more plant-based foods
Abstract:
This study aimed to examine the relationship between self-reported changes in food consumption over the past 2 years, quality of actual diet, and declared intentions to eat more plant-based foods while reducing meat consumption in the next year. A cross-sectional study using Computer-Assisted Web Interview (CAWI) was conducted on 1003 Polish adults in 2023. The Beliefs and Eating Habits Questionnaire (KomPAN) was used to assess the frequency of consuming various food groups and to calculate diet quality indices. Four distinct segments (“No change”, “All products limited”, “Changes in meat”, and “Less red meat, more other products”) were identified using cluster analysis. Logistic regression analysis verified the associations between these clusters, diet quality indices, and intended changes in plant-based food and meat consumption. The study results showed that most pre-existing changes involved reduced red meat intake (52%). The “No change” cluster (47.9%) was represented by more men, people with lower education, and those with a lower overall dietary quality index (DQI). A higher quality diet (as indicated by the DQI) was associated with a greater tendency to increase plant food consumption and reduce meat consumption across the entire group and within each cluster. A better understanding of how changes in food consumption relate to diet quality and intended changes in plant-based food and meat consumption can inform interventions promoting sustainable consumption, considering both nutritional recommendations and environmental requirements.
Jeżewska-Zychowicz, M., Sajdakowska, M., Gębski, J., Kosicka-Gębska, M., & Gutkowska, K. (2024a). Diet quality and past changes in food consumption as determinants of intentions to eat less meat and more plant-based foods. Foods, 13(23).
Effectiveness of the eco-score food label: An information experiment combined with nutri-score label in Belgium
Abstract:
Consumers’ food choices significantly impact the environment, with food production contributing substantially to global greenhouse gas emissions and water use. In response, policy interventions such as front-of-pack eco-labels aim to guide consumers towards more environmentally friendly food choices. The recently introduced Eco-score aims to guide consumers toward environmentally friendlier food choices. However, evidence regarding its effectiveness, particularly when used alongside the Nutri-score, remains limited.
A cross-sectional online survey was conducted with 607 Belgian respondents. Respondents assessed their perceived environmental impact of food products with various Eco-score and Nutri-score combinations. They were randomly assigned to one of two conditions, where one group saw both labels, while the other saw none when assessing the food products. Generalized linear models were used to determine if the Eco-score improved accuracy in assessing the environmental impact of food products, and a structural equation model analysed factors influencing the intention to use the Eco-score.
Results show that the Eco-score enhances accuracy in environmental impact assessment, particularly when respondents are knowledgeable about the Eco-score and indicate environmental concerns. However, effects were less pronounced for products with conflicting Eco- and Nutri-scores, potentially due to cognitive dissonance. Furthermore, factors such as knowledge about and positive perceptions towards the Eco-score significantly influenced the intention to use it.
The Eco-score’s potential as a tool to guide consumers towards more environmentally friendly food choices is validated by their positive perception and enhanced evaluative capacity among a representative sample of the Belgian population. Further research and a broader implementation are necessary to assess the long-term impact and utility of the Eco-score in promoting sustainable food consumption.
Berden, J., & Hung, Y. (2024). Effectiveness of the eco-score food label: An information experiment combined with nutri-score label in Belgium. Appetite.
Harnessing virtual reality to influence attitudes toward beef consumption: The role of empathy in dietary interventions
Abstract:
The excessive consumption of red meat, such as beef, is a growing global health concern linked to increased risks of cancer and cardiovascular diseases. The health consequences associated with red meat consumption were estimated to cost USD 285 billion globally in 2020, accounting for approximately 0.3% of total health expenditures that year. Understanding the psychological mechanisms behind food choices is crucial for changing consumption habits, fostering healthy behaviors, and achieving sustainable dietary patterns. To address these challenges, this study utilizes virtual reality (VR) as a persuasive tool to examine how empathy, as a psychological mechanism, influences the intention to reduce beef consumption and its impact on dietary attitudes. Using an experimental design with 142 participants, the study found that in the VR context, individuals with higher empathy scores experienced a stronger sense of presence, significantly influencing their attitudes toward beef consumption, mediated by the change in anti-beef-eating attitude (p = 0.029). This suggests that VR can serve as an effective medium to reduce individuals’ willingness to consume beef and consequently prevent health risks associated with excessive meat intake. This study also highlights the importance of considering individual empathy levels when designing VR interventions to maximize their effectiveness and promote healthier dietary habits, ultimately improving public health. However, one limitation of this study is that it only assessed short-term changes in attitudes following the VR intervention, without incorporating long-term follow-ups to determine if these changes are sustained over time.
Hou, C.-I., Wang, J.-H., Shiao, K.-S., & Cheng, C. (2024). Harnessing virtual reality to influence attitudes toward beef consumption: The role of empathy in dietary interventions. Foods, 13(23), 3750.
Involving family and friends helps sustainable diets last longer
Abstract:
Reducing animal product consumption is a necessary action to mitigate climate change and other environmental issues. We tested and compared the effectiveness of an individual and a social app-based 30-day challenge in reducing animal product consumption. Through a pre-registered field randomized controlled trial (n = 1213), we find both conditions reduced animal product consumption by 16–17% compared to the control group, with a lasting effect only for the social treatment (encouragement to involve family and friends) 3 months after the intervention. The effects were largest for meat consumption and those who consumed meat at the baseline. Additionally, associated greenhouse gas emissions decreased by 21–24% and are still significantly reduced 3 months after both interventions, with a larger effect for the social treatment. Our findings suggest that app-based animal product-free challenges are a cost-effective way (~€13–25 per tCO2-eq assuming a 1-year lasting effect) to translate intentions into lasting dietary change, especially when involving the social environment and targeting meat eaters.
Severijns, R., Asanov, I., Streukens, S., Bruns, S. B., Moleman, P., Brouwer, J., van Griethuijsen, J., & Lizin, S. (2024). Involving family and friends helps sustainable diets last longer. Npj Climate Action, 3(1), 109.
Meat reduction in small portions
Abstract:
Reductions in meat consumption require dietary shifts and structural changes to our food system. Yet, a simple measure such as reducing the size of meat portions can already have an impact — and may help kick-off a longer-term shift.
Reinders, M. J., & Dagevos, H. (2024). Meat reduction in small portions. Nature Food.
Navigating dietary shift: Strategies for promoting plant-based diets in China
Abstract:
Shifting from diets rich in meat to ones more focused on plant-based foods is advantageous for public health, the environment, and animal welfare. Yet, prevailing food consumption habits do not align well with this “planetary health diet,” highlighting the urgency for actions to hasten this shift. Despite robust and consistent scientific evidence over recent decades emphasising the necessity of moving toward diets that incorporate more plant-based foods, a significant number of consumers show little or no inclination to reduce their meat consumption. This is especially true in middle-income nations where meat demand is climbing sharply due to population growth, increased incomes, and urbanisation. In response to these challenges, this thesis aims to enhance understanding of how reductions in meat consumption and the adoption of plant-based alternatives can be effectively implemented in China and other culturally similar regions. The focus on meat reduction and replacement strategies is central to promoting a more sustainable dietary transition.Two studies were conducted: 1. Flexitarian Motivations, and 2. Message Framing and Plant-Based Alternatives: The first study was exploratory in nature and involved conducting 30 in-depth online interviews with Chinese young adults practicing flexitarianism to learn about their lived experiences as well as their motivation for making this change to their diet. Interview transcripts were analysed through the lens of the Food Choice Process Model. The findings revealed that the participants were motivated to be flexitarians by health, sustainability, or ethical concerns. However, enjoyment of eating animal-sourced foods combined with discomfort in discussing their dietary change and a lack of social support hindered further dietary progression to vegetarian or vegan diets.The second study used a biometric approach to investigate the impact of message framing on participants’ responses to the promotion of plant-based meat and dairy alternatives. 45 Chinese young adults partook in the study, which involved a computer-based food choice task and was conducted at the biometric laboratory of Xi’an Jiaotong Liverpool University. It was determined that packaging information attracted attention and influenced participants’ perceptions of plant-based alternatives. Messages promoting health benefits were more effective for plant-based meat, while environmental sustainability messages resonated better for plant-based dairy alternatives. Avoidance-oriented messaging slightly increased the likelihood of a product being selected compared to gain-orientated messaging.These studies underscore the complexity of dietary transitions and the significant role of targeted messaging and social support in influencing consumer behaviour. There is a clear need for strategies that bolster social support for individuals exploring flexitarian or more plant-based diets, which could encourage a broader acceptance and deeper commitment to such dietary changes. For marketers and policymakers, the findings suggest that effectively framed messages can significantly impact consumer preferences and behaviours, especially when introducing new plant-based products. These insights are crucial for designing interventions that promote plant-based diets and support sustainable consumption patterns more broadly.
Zou, Y. (2024). Navigating dietary shift: Strategies for promoting plant-based diets in China [Doctoral dissertation]. University of Otago.
Online tools to promote sustainable behaviours: A content analysis
Abstract:
Objective: Immediate and drastic action is required to combat the urgent issue of climate change. Engaging in sustainability behaviours, such as using public transport and eating less meat, can help towards saving the environment. Due to the accessibility and widespread use of the internet, online sustainability tools (websites) may be a scalable and affordable way to promote behaviour change. Therefore, the aim of this study was to find, describe, and assess a range of online tools that aim to encourage sustainable behaviours. Methods: The online sustainability tools were identified by means of systematic searches on Google, as well as from the existing literature. Those that were included in this study were reviewed and coded based on Behaviour Change Techniques (BCT) Taxonomy (v1) and the principles of Persuasive Systems Design (PSD). The Health-Related Website Evaluation Form (HRWEF) was also used to assess the quality of the online tools, and readability scores were generated. Results: The 11 websites included in the final analysis mapped onto a total of 22 BCTs. Of these, the most frequently identified were ‘5.3: Information about social and environmental consequences’ (100%, 11/11), ‘4.1: Instruction on how to perform a behaviour’ (81.82%, 9/11), and ‘9.1: Credible source’ (72.73%, 8/11). 19 PSD principles overall were identified in the included websites, with ‘ClimateHero’, Get Greener’ and ‘WWF Footprint Calculator’ displaying the most (n=14 PSD principles), and all of the websites were categorised as being of either ‘excellent’ or ‘adequate’ quality. Conclusion: This study helped identify the commonly used BCTs and PSD principles in online sustainability tools. ‘ClimateHero’, ‘Get Greener’, and ‘WWF Footprint Calculator’ were identified as the top 3 websites. Using this coding and the subsequent results of the quality analysis, recommendations to improve future online interventions have been made in order to increase engagement.
Woodhouse, S., Doughty, F., & Rodrigues, A. (2024). Online tools to promote sustainable behaviours: A content analysis.
Smaller meat portions contribute the most to reducing meat consumption in the United Kingdom
Abstract:
Reducing meat consumption can help improve environmental and health outcomes, yet the effect of specific meat-reducing strategies is context dependent. Here, using decomposition analysis of National Diet and Nutrition Survey data (2008–2009 to 2018–2019), we found that in the United Kingdom, reduced meat portions had the largest impact on total meat consumption decline (52%), followed by fewer meat-eating days (24%), fewer meat consumers (17%) and fewer meat-eating meal occasions (7%). Understanding meat consumption behaviour patterns is key for more effective policies.
Vonderschmidt, A., Jaacks, L. M., Alexander, P., Green, R., Bellows, A. L., & Stewart, C. (2024). Smaller meat portions contribute the most to reducing meat consumption in the United Kingdom. Nature Food.
The importance of self-identities and habitual behavior for eating more plant foods
Abstract:
Objectives: This study aimed to identify the predictors of eating more plant-based foods and legumes in terms of previous changes in consumption, habitual frequency of consumption, intention to reduce the amount of meat consumed, and health and environmental identities. Methods: A cross-sectional survey was conducted between June and September 2023 in 881 Polish adults. Based on two self-descriptors, four groups of respondents were identified: no health identity and no environmental identity (nHI-nEI), health identity but no environmental identity (HI-nEI), no health identity but environmental identity (nHI-EI), and both health identity and environmental identity (HI-EI). A logistic regression analysis was used to verify associations between habitual eating of red meat, white meat, and legumes, changes in their intake over the past two years, familiarity with plant-based substitutes for animal products, health, and environmental identity, declared intentions to eat less meat, and the intentions to eat more plant-based food and eat more legumes next year. Results: Individuals were more likely to increase their consumption of plant foods (OR: 1.99, p = 0.001), including legumes (OR: 1.79, p = 0.045), when they represented the HI-EI group, had increased their consumption of legumes in the past two years (OR: 2.91, p = 0.009, and OR: 2.15, p = 0.017, respectively), declared an intention to reduce meat (OR: 8.02, p < 0.001, and OR: 12.08, p < 0.001, respectively), but also occasionally consumed plant-based meat substitutes (OR: 1.76, p = 0.002, and OR: 2.61, p < 0.001, respectively). However, individuals were more likely to increase their consumption of plant foods, but not legumes, if they currently consumed legumes frequently (OR: 1.36, p = 0.009, and OR: 1.22, p = 0.111, respectively) and had previously limited their consumption of red meat (OR: 2.40, p < 0.001, and OR: 1.09, p = 0.717, respectively). Conclusions: The habitual frequency of eating red and white meat did not predict the increased consumption of plant foods in the future. It is equally important to increase people’s awareness of the impact of the food they consume on health and the environment to support their health and pro-environmental motivation for food choices. Public health and sustainability campaigns should develop new methods to reach populations less willing to change.
Jeżewska-Zychowicz, M., Sajdakowska, M., Gębski, J., Kosicka-Gębska, M., & Gutkowska, K. (2024b). The importance of self-identities and habitual behavior for eating more plant foods. Nutrients, 16(23), 4063.
The inclusion of habits in the stage model of self-regulated behavior change: An investigation of life events and red meat consumption in the UK
Abstract:
A shift to a diet with low or no red meat is considered necessary to end the environmental and health impacts caused by the current overconsumption of red meat. The self-regulated behavior change stage model (SSBC) proposes that people who intend to change their behavior progress through a series of discrete cognitive stages until, ultimately, they engage in the new behavior. However, what the consequences of habitual behaviors are for the initiation and progression through the stages of change have not yet been fully elucidated or investigated. We hypothesized that habitual behaviors that are antagonistic toward an alternative behavior will inhibit the initiation and progression through the stages of change. Furthermore, in line with the habit discontinuity hypothesis, we hypothesized that the experience of life events would counteract antagonistic habits and be positively associated with stages of change. Using a cross-sectional survey of people who consume red meat in the UK, our findings support the SSBC concept of stage-specific cognitive processes with goal intention and goal feasibility varying in importance depending on stage membership. However, personal norms were equally important for stage membership regardless of stage. Our hypotheses for antagonistic habits and life events were also partially supported; the antagonistic habit was not negatively associated with goal intention to change, but it was associated with a reduced likelihood of being in the final stage of change (i.e., of engaging in reduction). Experience of a life event was positively associated with goal intention to change, but it was negatively associated with being in a later stage of change. Overall, our findings provide novel theoretical insights into the role of habits and habit disruption in a stage model of behavior change. They also yield applied implications for understanding how to achieve a reduction in the over-consumption of red meat (or other, habitual, high greenhouse gas emitting behaviors) by supporting the importance of stage-tailored behavior change interventions and suggesting the potential to combine such stage-tailored intervention strategies with the strategy of targeting interventions to when existing habits are weakened due to context disruption.
Whittle, C., Nash, N., Haggar, P., & Whitmarsh, L. (2024). The inclusion of habits in the stage model of self-regulated behavior change: An investigation of life events and red meat consumption in the UK. Frontiers in Psychology, 15, 1426171.
The willingness to transition to a more plant-based diet among omnivores: Determinants and socioeconomic differences
Abstract:
Plant-based diets benefit individual health and the environment, yet most people eat omnivorous diets. We aim to (1) assess the role of multiple determinants for transitioning to more plant-based diets in a sample of omnivorous respondents, such as recommendations from doctors, scientists and politicians; lower costs; and increased availability, and to (2) identify which subpopulations are most receptive to which determinants. Using data from a survey on the use and acceptance of Traditional, Complementary and Integrative Medicine in Germany (N = 4065; N omnivorous = 3419; 84%), we find that the overall willingness to change to a more plant-based diet is low (mean = 2.25 on a scale of 1–4). Respondents are most willing based on doctors’ recommendations (mean = 2.61), and if prices for plant-based products were lower (mean = 2.55), and least willing based on scientists’ and politicians’ recommendations (mean = 1.86). Regression analyses reveal that men, the baby boomer cohort, and respondents with lower levels of education have a significantly lower willingness to transition to more plant-based diets. Further, recommendations from doctors, scientists, and politicians appear to be promising interventions for addressing the dietary behavior of men and older cohorts. Interventions by doctors and lower prices for plant-based products have the highest potential to induce dietary change even among the reluctant, reducing health inequalities and promoting environmentally friendly behavior.
Lehmann, J., Trübner, M., Patzina, A., Jeitler, M., Hoffmann, R., & Kessler, C. S. (2024). The willingness to transition to a more plant-based diet among omnivores: Determinants and socioeconomic differences. Appetite, 107765.
Human-animal relations
Pet ownership and its influence on animal welfare attitudes and consumption intentions among Chinese University students
As global awareness of animal welfare continues to rise, it has become essential to understand the factors that shape individual attitudes and consumption behaviors related to animal welfare. This study empirically investigates how pet ownership influences attitudes towards animal welfare and related consumption intentions among Chinese university students. Findings demonstrate that students from pet-owning households exhibit significantly more favorable attitudes and behaviors concerning animal empathy, awareness of animal welfare, willingness to purchase animal welfare certified products, and the willingness to pay a premium for animal welfare labels. Pet ownership fosters emotional resonance, enhancing empathy and perceptions regarding animal welfare, and influences preferences for animal welfare certified products through simulated consumer choices. By applying propensity score matching (PSM) to mitigate endogeneity concerns, this research advances theoretical discussions surrounding animal welfare attitudes and consumption behaviors. Looking ahead, the promotion of animal welfare should involve coordinated efforts across educational institutions, policy frameworks, and market mechanisms to cultivate a broader understanding and adoption of animal welfare principles.
Liang, Y., Meng, C., Chen, R., Yang, Y., & Zeng, Y. (2024). Pet ownership and its influence on animal welfare attitudes and consumption intentions among Chinese University students. Animals : An Open Access Journal from MDPI, 14(22).
Movement research
2024 Animal Advocacy Strategy Forum
Abstract:
n/a
Autric, E., & McAuliffe, W. (2024). 2024 Animal Advocacy Strategy Forum. Rethink Priorities.
Alt. protein career & hiring report
Abstract:
The report provides data-driven insights into the global talent and job market within the Alternative Protein industry, drawn from Tälist’s AltProtein.Jobs platform. We analyzed data spanning October 2023 to October 2024, capturing hiring trends, candidate demographics as well as skill demands from thousands of job listings and candidate profiles worldwide.
The report covers diverse categories, including the current state of the job market, hiring and role insights, geographic trends, candidate preferences, employment types and product focus. These findings offer a valuable resource for businesses, investors and job seekers interested in the opportunities and trends shaping the future of Alt Protein careers.
Tälist. (2024). Alt. protein career & hiring report. Tälist.
Animals and longtermism
Abstract:
Longtermism should not be wrongly defined as the view that we should act so that the future is as good as possible for human beings and their descendants; rather, longtermists should be concerned with what the long-term future may be like for all sentient beings. This includes nonhuman animals, as different risks of future suffering may afflict them. Indifference toward their interests could lead to the worsening of their use as resources, quantitatively and qualitatively. It could also help expand wild animal suffering, a process that may have already begun.
Horta, O., & Rozas, M. (2024). Animals and longtermism. World Futures, 1–14.
Faunalytics Index – November 2024
Abstract:
This month’s Faunalytics Index provides facts and stats about companion animal care costs, the environmental impact of fur, shrimp farming, and more.
orzechowski, karol. (2024, November). Faunalytics Index – November 2024.
Research and data as tools in advocates’ decision-making: A focus on China & Southeast Asia
Abstract:
This Faunalytics study uncovers both internal and external applications of research, examines why advocates do or don’t incorporate research into their work, and presents a roadmap for enhancing research engagement across China, Southeast Asia, and beyond.
Chung, J. Y., & Stennet, J. (2024).Research and data as tools in advocates’ decision-making: A focus on China & Southeast Asia. Faunalytics.
The lived experience of psychological suffering in animal/environmental activists
Abstract:
n/a
Busch Jimenez, P. (2024). The lived experience of psychological suffering in animal/environmental activists [Doctoral dissertation]. Walden University.
Politics, law, and social change
Animal law in Denmark and the enforcement gap
Abstract:
After introducing the Danish legal framework for animal welfare, this chapter goes on to analyse the problems relating to enforcement and the particular questions this raises with regard to rules that originate in EU legislation. Two examples highlight the difficulties of enforcement of animal welfare legislation in Denmark: Administrative rules on tail docking of pigs and the lack of enforcement concerning the widespread keel bone fractures among egg-layers. The absence of legal representation of animals’ interests in law is identified as a main cause for the enforcement gap. In other jurisdictions, this problem has been addressed in various ways, which may offer inspiration. Furthermore, it is reasonable to draw on experience from the field of environmental law, which also concerns an object of legal protection that does not have a voice of its own. A particularly potent source of inspiration is offered by the UNECE Convention on Access to Information, Public Participation in Decision-making and Access to Justice in Environmental Matters (the Aarhus Convention), which has played a significant role in overcoming the enforcement gap concerning environmental protection.
Andersen, S. S. (2024). Animal law in Denmark and the enforcement gap. In F. Dalpane & M. Baideldinova (Eds.), Animal law worldwide: Key issues and main trends across 27 jurisdictions (pp. 87–102). T.M.C. Asser Press.
Animal law in Romania: A global discourse in place
Abstract:
This contribution provides a general overview of animal law in Romania by referring to both supranational (European) and national legal provisions and case-law. It argues that Romanian society seems willing to take up some of the questions relevant for the debate surrounding the protection of animals. The numerous non-governmental associations seeking the protection of animals that have emerged in the last two decades attest to such a will at least from the part of civil society. While important institutions like the Constitutional Court also proved to be a reliable partner of dialogue, the chapter maintains, by looking specifically at the example of stray dogs, that some serious pitfalls persist in achieving the goals of justice for animals, most notably the people’s mentality, the lack of resources, or the inefficiency of implementing authorities.
Mercescu, A. (2024). Animal law in Romania: A global discourse in place. In F. Dalpane & M. Baideldinova (Eds.), Animal law worldwide: Key issues and main trends across 27 jurisdictions (pp. 323–335). T.M.C. Asser Press.
Animals in the Italian legal system: Among constitutional provisions and other sources of the law
Abstract:
In 2022, Article 9 of the Italian Constitution, establishing the State’s duty to protect the environment, was amended to include an express provision on the protection of animals. While the new formulation falls short of defining animals as “sentient beings”, as otherwise considered during the preparatory work, the amendment of Article 9 of the Constitution is undoubtedly a historical achievement. The Italian legal system has thereby irreversibly moved on from the traditional anthropocentric approach toward a biocentric approach and has aligned itself with the more advanced international experiences. In contrast with the Constitution, in the Italian Civil Code, consistent with the Roman approach, animals still appear as “goods”, that is, as mere things, not as subjects. This older approach, however, is not uniformly adopted throughout the legal system. Numerous provisions seem indeed informed to the notion of the animals as sentient beings, not mere things; for example some provisions of the Road Traffic Code, of the new law on condominiums, of the Criminal Code, of the legislation on animals in sports work, and more. Some progress toward a better protection of animal welfare has been made also in the sphere of tourism, where a combination of international, national, and industry (self)regulation has firmly established requirements such as sustainability and animal welfare and provides for the correct information of the consumers against distortions such as the so-called greenwashing and humane washing.
Cerini, D. (2024). Animals in the Italian legal system: Among constitutional provisions and other sources of the law. In F. Dalpane & M. Baideldinova (Eds.), Animal law worldwide: key issues and main trends across 27 jurisdictions (pp. 195–216). T.M.C. Asser Press.
Animal protection laws in Serbia: Inefficient implementation and suggestions for improvement
Abstract:
This chapter deals with the issue of inefficient implementation of animal protection laws in Serbia, which is seen as the main reason for unsatisfactory animal protection. I analyse the Animal Welfare Law and the Criminal Code, identifying main problems that relate to their ineffectiveness. I suggest improvements in the above laws and law enforcement procedures, which include consistent definitions of the key concepts in the national legislation and recognition of animals as sentient beings, including animals in the category of ‘fundamental social values’ in the Criminal Code, amending the Animal Welfare Law to focus on animals’ positive experiences, and establishing Animal Police. I argue that these modifications could lead to more efficient implementation of animal protection laws, and consequently to better protection of animal welfare and a significant improvement of the legal situation of animals in Serbia. Finally, I discuss the possibility of reconceptualising legal protections from animal welfare laws in Serbia and beyond as legal rights, and conclude that the recognition of animals’ legal rights would ensure the protection of their basic interests.
Todorović, Z. S. (2024). Animal protection laws in Serbia: Inefficient implementation and suggestions for improvement. In F. Dalpane & M. Baideldinova (Eds.), Animal law worldwide: Key issues and main trends across 27 jurisdictions (pp. 337–351). T.M.C. Asser Press.
Animals in the Colombian legal system
Abstract:
This chapter analyses the different paradigms in which the Colombian legal system has grounded animal protection. The evolution of the field of animal law in this country is a fascinating one. Few records exist of the consideration of animals before the colonization. As an indigenous country, Colombia did not consider animals as property in the beginning, but rather, there was a holistic understanding where animals, humans, and the rest of nature were a unity. The classification of animals as property has been one that is so deeply ingrained in the legal system that for most, it is challenging to conceive of a country where animals are not subjects of legal transactions. However, in Colombia, animals have been protected from different paradigms, such as animals as part of the environment, which is constitutionally protected, animals as sentient beings, and animals as subjects of rights. The evolution of this field is not necessarily linear, and in some instances, the law and high courts seem to jump around paradigms depending on the type of animal and the activity being regulated. Colombia stands out as one of the more advanced countries in Latin America when it comes to the protection of animals. Does Colombia have a legal framework that effectively protects animals?
Vega, A. (2024). Animals in the Colombian legal system. In F. Dalpane & M. Baideldinova (Eds.), Animal law worldwide: Key issues and main trends across 27 jurisdictions (pp. 61–85). T.M.C. Asser Press.
An introduction to Belgian animal welfare law
Abstract:
This contribution is a gentle introduction to Belgian Animal Welfare Law. It gives an insight into the emergence, scope, and core principles of the Belgian 1986 Animal Welfare Act. Belgian animal welfare legislation cannot be viewed separately from, on the one hand, European animal welfare legislation, and, on the other hand, the division in competences of Belgium as a federal state. Especially the latter has been an incremental catalyst to improve animal welfare at the substate level. With some concrete examples and building on case law and preparatory legislative documents, the reader gets well acquainted with the basics of Belgian Animal Welfare Law. In addition, it includes hot topics such as the purpose of zoos, the ritual slaughter case, and invasive alien species management. Furthermore, the introduction provides new information on historical news of the incorporation of a Belgian animal welfare state objective. Finally, a future outlook is discussed that puts forward some critical questions and takeaways regarding the further development of Belgian Animal Welfare Law.
Verniers, E. (2024). An introduction to Belgian animal welfare law. In F. Dalpane & M. Baideldinova (Eds.), Animal law worldwide: Key issues and main trends across 27 jurisdictions (pp. 1–16). T.M.C. Asser Press.
A perspective on animal law in Peru
Abstract:
This chapter will show how the new discipline of Animal Law is developing in Peru, and how a paradigm shift is emerging with respect to companion animals. For Peru, animals are considered objects of special protection. The Civil Code considers them as movable property, while the Animal Protection and Welfare Law indicates that the condition of being sentient must be taken into account. The Political Constitution does not expressly establish protection for animals; the highest interpreter of the Constitution (the Constitutional Court), however, has already been resolving some cases on this matter. In criminal matters, the crimes of abandonment and animal cruelty were introduced and, only in 2023, the first sentence with an effective custodial sentence was issued. Abuse of domestic and wild vertebrate animals in captivity constitutes an administrative infraction.
Franciskovic Ingunza, B. (2024). A perspective on animal law in Peru. In F. Dalpane & M. Baideldinova (Eds.), Animal law worldwide: Key issues and main trends across 27 jurisdictions (pp. 287–300). T.M.C. Asser Press.
Developments in Swiss animal law: Status quo, achievements and demands for the future
Abstract:
Switzerland is known for having one of the strictest animal welfare legislations in the world. While its legal provisions are quite progressive compared to many other countries, Swiss animal welfare law still includes a great deal of compromises to the detriment of animals. Political proposals in favor of animal welfare usually get little attention and are repeatedly rejected by decision-makers with weak and incomprehensible arguments. This reflects the lack of political will to stand up for animal welfare and the priority given to financial and economic interests. Furthermore, the authorities struggle to enforce existing regulations and therefore fail to intervene in cases of animal welfare violations on time. Also, they regularly issue completely inadequate penalties for animal welfare offenses. The authorities are particularly reluctant to enforce legal norms linked to the constitutional protection of animal dignity. While the Swiss population made a clear commitment by including the recognition of the dignity of creatures in the constitution three decades ago, implementation is still in great need of improvement, not only in everyday life but also in legal terms. Hopefully, the persistent efforts of various animal welfare and rights organizations will gradually help Switzerland achieve better conditions for animals and thus live up to the good reputation of Swiss animal welfare law.
Gerritsen, V., Konyo, S., & Bolliger, G. (2024). Developments in Swiss animal law: Status quo, achievements and demands for the future. In F. Dalpane & M. Baideldinova (Eds.), Animal law worldwide: Key issues and main trends across 27 jurisdictions (pp. 433–452). T.M.C. Asser Press.
Freedom of speech predicts animal welfare protection across the globe
Abstract:
The welfare of captive and wild animals is closely tied to human health, nutrition, and environmental wellbeing. Yet, until now, the global determinants of animal welfare remain unclear, as we lack quantitative global data on animal treatment. Here, by collapsing 13 indicators of animal welfare legislation across 50 major animal product-producing countries, we identify two key dimensions reflecting ‘animal welfare protection’ and ‘responsible consumption and production’. While high-income countries with lower dependence on agriculture may have more opportunity to focus on animal welfare, our analysis suggests that the level social freedoms of citizens can dramatically overwhelms this economic signal. We find that the ‘voice and accountability’ of citizens ultimately determines the extent of animal welfare protection, explaining 58% of the variation across the globe. Irrespective of environmental or economic conditions, structures that enhance political freedoms, civil liberties, and citizen participation in governance may provide the necessary foundation for developing legislation to promote animal welfare protection.
Montalcini, C. M., & Crowther, T. W. (2024). Freedom of speech predicts animal welfare protection across the globe. BioRxiv.
Kazakhstan: Stray population management policy and legislation
Abstract:
For a long time, the only way of regulating the number of stray animals in Kazakhstan was killing them. Starting from the 2010s, an increasingly powerful animal protection movement gradually fought through several legislative changes aimed at improving the welfare of stray dogs throughout the process of capturing, post-capture maintenance and culling. Finally, this animal protection wave resulted in the enactment in late 2021 of a new Law on Responsible Treatment of Animals. The Law, together with the accompanying changes to other legislative acts, could have led to a drastic change in stray welfare through the application of the Trap-Neuter-Vaccination-Release (TNVR) policy. However, this did not occur. This chapter analyzes the current state of Kazakhstan’s legislation on stray population management, the changes it introduces in comparison with the previous legislation as well as the defects, which hinder the full-scale implementation of the TNVR policy. The chapter will also address the question of potential changes, which the legislation should incorporate in order to control the stray population more effectively and more humanely.
Baideldinova, M. (2024). Kazakhstan: Stray population management policy and legislation. In F. Dalpane & M. Baideldinova (Eds.), Animal law worldwide: Key issues and main trends across 27 jurisdictions (pp. 217–235). T.M.C. Asser Press.
Legal protection of animals in Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan, and Uzbekistan
It was once famously stated by Albert Schweitzer that animal protection is education to humanity. Indeed, by protecting animals we learn to be compassionate, empathetic, and kind not only towards non-human living creatures but also towards fellow human beings. In that sense, it does represent an enlightenment in developing our emotional intelligence and tolerance. Any society where cruelty to animals is an accepted way of life will not succeed; it will not prosper. This applies to societies in Central Asian contexts as well. Multiple cases of cruelty against defenceless animals committed by representatives of the population in such countries of the region as Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan, and Uzbekistan ring alarm bells for their societies and states. This chapter describes the existing normative and subnormative—legislative or otherwise, provisions regulating the protection of animal life in the above-mentioned three contexts of Central Asia, and subsequently reviews the relevant gaps or omissions in that regulation. It also notes some of the prominent cases of atrocities committed against animals during the last several years in Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan, and Uzbekistan. Some suggestions are provided as to how to improve the situation with animal protection in these countries by way of adopting legal but also educational, social, and other types of measures.
Atadjanov, R. (2024). Legal protection of animals in Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan, and Uzbekistan. In F. Dalpane & M. Baideldinova (Eds.), Animal law worldwide: Key issues and main trends across 27 jurisdictions (pp. 237–251). T.M.C. Asser Press.
Ought Sweden to protect animals by the constitution? A comparative constitutional animal law study
Abstract:
Around the world, more countries have begun to recognize and protect animals at the constitutional level. In Finland, even a proposal to incorporate fundamental animal rights into the constitution has now been presented by a member of parliament. Yet, in Sweden there is no protection or recognition of animals at the constitutional level, and the legal debate around this subject has in earnest still not even really begun. Considering the neighboring country’s proposal for animal rights and the global development with constitutional recognition and protection of animals, it is an important question to analyze whether Sweden ought also to recognize, protect, or grant animals rights in its national constitution and what effects this might have for animals and the law pertaining to animals in the country. This study analyzes that issue through a comparative global outlook at the countries that have included explicit recognition or protection in their constitutions, as well as by looking at the Finnish proposal on animal rights for the highest level of norms. The latter leads to a discussion of the paradigms within Animal Law and explores whether a zoocentric rights perspective is what ought to be adopted within Constitutional Animal Law so that also lower-level legislation and welfare requirements would be relying on animals’ ‘fundamental rights’. As a result of the analysis, the study concludes by presenting proposals of animal rights, protection and recognition that could be applicable for the Swedish constitution.
Karlin O’Sullivan, C. (2024). Ought Sweden to protect animals by the constitution? A comparative constitutional animal law study. In F. Dalpane & M. Baideldinova (Eds.), Animal law worldwide: Key issues and main trends across 27 jurisdictions (pp. 399–432). T.M.C. Asser Press.
Progress and resistance: Highlights of the Polish animal law
Abstract:
Having recognized animals as not things but sentient creatures to whom a man owes respect, protection, and care as early as 1997, Poland has had one of the most progressive animal welfare legislations at the turn of the century. Although the Polish animal law has not been fundamentally revised since then, it still incorporates numerous original, advanced, and interesting solutions. These include the approach to animal killing and abuse, the role assigned to non-governmental organizations in enforcement procedures, the organization of ethical review of animal research, and more. The paper provides a brief overview of the most important aspects of the legal protection of animals in Poland, emphasizing the legal institutions and case law that are particularly significant from a general jurisprudential and comparative perspective.
Pietrzykowski, T., & Kuszlewicz, K. (2024). Progress and resistance: Highlights of the Polish animal law. In F. Dalpane & M. Baideldinova (Eds.), Animal law worldwide: Key issues and main trends across 27 jurisdictions (pp. 301–321). T.M.C. Asser Press.
Recent developments in animal welfare law in Ireland
Abstract:
This chapter explores the development of animal welfare legislation in Ireland. Embedded in the historical, economic, social, and cultural evolution of the Irish state, the relationship between humans and animals has been a notable feature. Beginning with the Act against the Plowing by the Tayle and pulling the Wooll off living Sheep of 1635, the Irish parliament was the first in the world to enact anti-cruelty legislation. While the motivations behind the Act were not so benevolent, it nevertheless endeavoured to prohibit cruel farming practices. The world’s first contemporary anti-cruelty statute, the Cruel Treatment of Cattle Act 1822, was drafted by an Irish member of the Parliament of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland, Richard Martin. Although the Irish state was founded in 1919, the Protection of Animals Act 1911, a bastion of British rule, remained in force until 2013. The Animal Health and Welfare Act 2013 Act heralded a more rigorous approach to animal welfare in Ireland as it has increased the powers of authorised officials to investigate allegations of animal abuse. It also placed on a statutory basis, for the first time under Irish law, a duty to protect animal welfare. The robustness of the 2013 Act has been tested in the superior courts by way of judicial review.
Donnellan, L. (2024). Recent developments in animal welfare law in Ireland. In F. Dalpane & M. Baideldinova (Eds.), Animal law worldwide: Key issues and main trends across 27 jurisdictions (pp. 175–194). T.M.C. Asser Press.
Sentience and society: Towards a more values-informed approach to policy
Abstract:
In The edge of sentience, Jonathan Birch proposes a democratically inclusive framework for protecting potentially sentient beings. While experts assess and communicate evidence of sentience, the public deliberates on proportionate policy responses to avoid causing gratuitous suffering. While we think there are many virtues to Birch’s analysis and approach, in this commentary, we raise the concern that the proposed framework fails to sufficiently account for the presence of non-epistemic values in science. We discuss strategies from the values in science literature for evaluating and managing these values in a democratic and inclusive way.
Wandrey, M.-M., & Halina, M. (2024). Sentience and society: Towards a more values-informed approach to policy. Mind & Language.
The European Union’s approach to the legal regulation of basic and preclinical animal research
Abstract:
Directive 2010/63/EU on the protection of animals used for scientific purposes is the key piece of legislation in the European Union (EU) in the field of animal experimentation. It is based on three principles of working with laboratory animals (Replacement, Refinement, Reduction) that were developed by zoologists Russell and Burch in the middle of the last century. Today, however, the effectiveness of the Directive 2010/63/EU is being questioned. In September 2021, the European Parliament passed a resolution calling for an EU-wide action plan to the active phase-out the use of animals in research. The reason for this is that the EU has not achieved the objectives of the Directive on the reduction of laboratory animals and their replacement by alternative methods. Over the past 10 years, researchers have conducted a large number of studies analysing the provisions of the Directive 2010/63/EU, i.e., how exactly the welfare of laboratory animals is protected. However, the question remains as to exactly what measures have been taken by EU and its Member States to achieve the objectives of the Directive. As the problem lies in the failure to achieve the objectives of the Directive, it seems necessary to turn to the activities of the actors that carry obligations under its framework. In particular, the question arises to what extent the legal instruments comply with the bioethical rules: 3Rs principles and whether the research is sufficiently transparent. Compliance with bioethical standards will lead to a reduction in the number of laboratory animals. Nevertheless, simply listing the tools is not enough. When it comes to animal protection and the validity of scientific results, the content is important: how well they meet the standards for the proper treatment of laboratory animals. In this chapter, I would like to elaborate further on what legal instruments exist in the European Union concerning laboratory animals. For the analysis, it will be important to see how “legal” norms enshrine “bioethical” norms and whether the regulation as a whole is of an “ethical” nature. The interpretation and application of these norms is also important. In the second part I will analyse the practices of three Member States to illustrate how bioethical norms can be implemented in a particular context.
Kovyreva, M. D. (2024). The European Union’s approach to the legal regulation of basic and preclinical animal research. In F. Dalpane & M. Baideldinova (Eds.), Animal law worldwide: Key issues and main trends across 27 jurisdictions (pp. 103–125). T.M.C. Asser Press.
Veg*ns and advocates
Dynamics of vegan product consumption across early and late adopters: Evidence from online consumer reviews
Abstract:
While most studies on veganism primarily focus on the socio-psychological factors of vegan diets, this research examines the dynamic characteristics of vegan product consumption across the product life cycle. Specifically, we explore how socio-psychological factors (such as healthy ingredients and taste), marketing elements (product offering and delivery), and consumption factors (convenience) influence early and late adoption. By analyzing Amazon online consumer review (OCR) data for Amy’s vegan soup from 2007 to 2023, we find that early adopters prioritize healthy ingredients, late adopters are more influenced by product offerings and convenience, and healthy taste and delivery are similarly important for both groups. Furthermore, early adopters tend to post more positive, helpful, and emotional reviews than late adopters. These findings contribute to the existing literature on veganism and provide strategic insights into vegan product marketing and OCR management throughout the product life cycle.
Jang, S., & Lee, S. (2024). Dynamics of vegan product consumption across early and late adopters: Evidence from online consumer reviews.
Plant-based dietary patterns and ultra-processed food consumption: A cross-sectional analysis of the UK Biobank
Abstract:
Background
Dietary shift towards more plant-based options is increasingly popular, but the quantity of ultra-processed foods (UPFs) they contain is largely unknown. This study assessed the level of UPF and minimally processed food consumption among regular and low red meat eaters, flexitarians, pescatarians, vegetarians and vegans in a large dataset of United Kingdom (UK) adults.
Methods
This is a cross-sectional analysis of the UK Biobank participants recruited between December 19, 2006, and October 1, 2010. Responses to food frequency questions were used to identify diet types for vegans (never eating any animal-based foods); vegetarians (never eating meat/fish); pescatarians (never eating meat); flexitarians (consumed fish/meat under twice a week); low red meat eaters (consumed fish/poultry more than once a week but red/processed meat under twice a week); and regular red meat eaters (consumed red/processed meat more than once a week). Consumption of all food and drinks collected in 24-h recalls between April 29, 2009, and June 28, 2012, were categorised using the Nova classification. The primary outcomes are the consumption of UPFs and minimally processed foods, expressed as a percentage of daily food intake (grams/day). Multivariable linear regression assessed the mean percentage point difference in UPF and minimally processed food consumption between diet types.
Findings
This study included 199,502 UK Biobank participants (mean age 58.2 [standard deviation 7.9] years; 55.1% women). The mean UPF consumption was 24.2%, 21.9%, 22.0%, 20.4%, 23.8%, and 22.7% among 75,091 regular red meat eaters, 70,144 low red meat eaters, 45,057 flexitarians, 4932 pescatarians, 4119 vegetarians and 159 vegans, respectively. The adjusted results suggested that compared with regular red meat eaters, UPF consumption was 1.3 percentage points higher among vegetarians (95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.9, 1.7) and lower among low red meat eaters (−1.3, 95% CI: −1.4, −1.1), flexitarians (−0.8, 95% CI: −1.0, −0.7), and pescatarians (−1.6, 95% CI: −1.9, −1.2). The UPF consumption in vegans were not significantly different from regular red meat eaters (1.2 percentage points, 95% CI: −0.7, 3.2). Minimally processed food consumption was higher in all other types of diet than regular red meat eaters, with an adjusted percentage point difference ranged from 0.4 (95% CI: 0.005, 0.9) for vegetarians to 3.2 (95% CI: 1.0, 5.5) for vegans compared with regular red meat eaters.
Interpretation
This UK-based study found higher UPF consumption in vegetarian diets and lower in diets with a modest amount of meat or fish. It is important that policies which encourage the urgently needed transition to more sustainable dietary patterns also promote rebalancing diets towards minimally processed foods.
Chang, K., Parnham, J. C., Rauber, F., Levy, R. B., Huybrechts, I., Gunter, M. J., Millett, C., & Vamos, E. P. (2024). Plant-based dietary patterns and ultra-processed food consumption: A cross-sectional analysis of the UK Biobank. EClinicalMedicine, 78, 102931.
The geographies of veganism: Exploring the complex entanglements of places, plants, peoples and profits through vegan food practices
Abstract:
The increasing visibility of veganism and plant-based eating makes it timely for environmental geographers to critically engage with these unfolding debates. In this review, we unpack the complex socio-environmental entanglements of contemporary vegan food practices (VFP), drawing on food geography literatures to reflect on the extent to which veganism can, and does, challenge and transform the hegemonic industrial globalised food system. We consider the productive conversations to be had with sustainability, food sovereignty, food justice and vegetal geographies in: promoting the collective potential of VFP beyond the individualisation of mainstreamed, ‘plant-based’ business-as-usual; re-centring production, hitherto relatively invisible in the hegemonic consideration of veganism as just consumption praxis; and engaging with a ‘multi-elemental’ plant ethics. This offers a cross-pollination of ideas through a focus on the geographies of veganism, which promotes the development of relational, placed and scaled analyses of vegan identities, experiences and practices while also bridging the intradisciplinary silos within environmental geography. Engaging with the geographies of veganism offers a timely and grounded lens to critically interrogate key, contemporary debates around diverse knowledges, sustainability and justice. As such, the alternative ways of doing, being and relating offered by VFP offer real potential for hopeful, responsive and constructive research.
Herman, A., & O’Neill, K. (2024). The geographies of veganism: Exploring the complex entanglements of places, plants, peoples and profits through vegan food practices. Progress in Environmental Geography.
The role of nutrition background on motivations, barriers, and adherence to a vegan diet: A qualitative study of the vegan eating habits and nutritional evaluation survey (VEGAN-EatS)
Abstract:
This study aims to investigate the motivations, enablers, barriers and attitudes towards the vegan movement within people with distinct formal backgrounds in nutrition. To that end, a cross-sectional, qualitative study was conducted with two groups of vegan individuals: registered dietitians or undergraduate nutrition students (NUT) and non-health professionals (NHP). Participants filled out The General Knowledge on Nutrition Questionnaire and attended to focus groups, analyzed using MAXQDA software. Twenty individuals (NUT:7F,3M; NHP:9F,1M), with mean age of 32 ± 12 years, and 24 ± 4 kg/m2 BMI were assessed. NUT presented a higher score of nutritional knowledge. Both groups were motivated by animal welfare and environmental concerns, although NUT group was also influenced by personal relationships, while NHP group highlighted seeking health benefits. Being enrolled in a graduate nutrition program was viewed as a tool to have access to resources, people and knowledge that supported their dietary decisions. NUT group demonstrated greater concern about food quality, choosing unprocessed foods, whilst NHP group demonstrated ethical concerns, preferring to consume from small producers and local businesses. Participant’s perceptions were also influenced by their experiences and knowledge, with NHP believing that vegan diets are inherently healthier, while NUT attributed the improved food quality to vegans’ careful attention to their dietary choices. Our findings suggest that while both groups share common motivations, their different depths of nutritional knowledge seem to have important impacts on their experience in adhering to a vegan diet, highlighting the critical role of seeking knowledge on nutrition in supporting sustainable vegan dietary practices.
Santini, M. H., Santo André, H. C., Mazzolani, B. C., Smaira, F. I., Esteves, G. P., Leitão, A. E., Gualano, B., & Roschel, H. (2025). The role of nutrition background on motivations, barriers, and adherence to a vegan diet: A qualitative study of the vegan eating habits and nutritional evaluation survey (VEGAN-EatS). Food Quality and Preference, 125, 105378.
Vegan’s practices and motivations in clothing behavior
Abstract:
Vegans, known for their stringent ethical standards concerning animal welfare and environmental concerns, exhibit a profound commitment to ethical practices. This study delves into the multifaceted motivational factors driving the practices of vegans, while concurrently scrutinizing the distinctive clothing behaviors specific to veganism across various phases of the clothing life cycle. These behaviors encompass the domains of clothing acquisition and utilization, laundering and maintenance, as well as disposal and discard. This research reveals the pervasive integration of vegan principles throughout these stages, underscored by discernible shifts in clothing-related behaviors subsequent to individuals adopting a vegan lifestyle. The core motivations underpinning these practices are rooted in a collective aspiration to safeguard animal welfare, mitigate environmental pollution, and curtail the generation of waste. In contrast to previous research, this study concentrates its focus on discrete facets of clothing behaviors within the context of veganism, providing nuanced insights into the intricacies of vegan practices. By elucidating the intricate interplay between motivations and clothing life cycle practices within the realm of veganism, this research augments our comprehension of the underlying motivations that drive vegan lifestyles.
Jeong, J., & Chun, J. (2024). Vegan’s practices and motivations in clothing behavior. Journal of the Korean Society of Clothing and Textiles, 48(5), 956–973.
Our Sources
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Meat AND behavior
Meat AND behaviour
Meat AND attitudes
Meat AND preferences
Meat AND consumption
Meat AND reduction
Cultured meat
Cultivated meat
Clean meat
In vitro meat
“Cellular agriculture”
Plant based meat
Plant based diet
Veganism
Vegetarianism
Animal advocacy
Animal welfare
Aquatic animal welfare
Fish welfare
Speciesism
“Human-animal relations”
November 2024
by Zac Santer - 1 minute read