Abstract: Livestock production is under growing scrutiny for its environmental impact and concerns about animal welfare, prompting the exploration of new technologies that can boost productivity while maintaining high welfare standards. Using data from a representative U.S. sample, the paper develops and empirically tests a conceptual model in which perceived AI effectiveness in monitoring animal emotions with the aim of reducing their stress levels positively relates to consumers’ purchase intentions—both directly and indirectly through perceived meat quality. We further introduce two moderating variables: perceived AI effectiveness in promoting sustainability within the livestock sector and individual concern for animal welfare. Our findings reveal that the indirect relationship between perceived AI effectiveness in monitoring animal emotions and purchase intentions through perceived meat quality is amplified among consumers who perceive AI as a valuable tool for enhancing sustainability, as well as among those with heightened concern for animal welfare. These results underscore the complex interplay between technology, ethics, and sustainability in shaping consumer behavior. From a managerial standpoint, the results emphasize the importance of transparent communication about AI-driven animal welfare and environmental improvements. Likewise, policymakers can use these insights to create frameworks that align technological innovations with consumers’ ethical and sustainability expectations for me_at production.

Apaolaza, V., Paredes, M. R., Hartmann, P., & Eletxigerra, A. (2026). Why artificial intelligence-based emotion monitoring in livestock matters: Effects on meat quality perceptions and consumer purchase intentions. Food Quality and Preference, 138, 105841.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodqual.2025.105841

Abstract: This study explores the moral disengagement with its five sub-dimensions and investigate the influence of animal ethics and environmental concern on moral disengagement in the context of adoption of plant-based diet among Malaysian youth. A cross-sectional survey involving 341 students from ten Malaysian universities was conducted using a structured questionnaire based on established scales for animal ethics, environmental awareness, intention to adopt plant-based diet and the five dimensions of moral disengagement, i.e. means-ends justifications, desensitization, denial of negative consequences, diffused responsibility, and reduced perceived choice. The findings indicate relatively low ethical concern regarding animal ethics and low-to-moderate environmental awareness concerning meat consumption as well as intention to adopt a plant-based diet. Moral disengagement was indicated as moderate-to-high with means-ends justification reported as the highest dimension, followed by diffused responsibility and desensitization. Animal ethics and environmental concerns are negatively related with moral disengagement and there is a significant negative relationship between moral disengagement with the intention to adopt plant-based diet. By identifying the psychological barriers to dietary change, this study helps design more effective strategies to promote plant-based diets and sustainability, thereby contributing to ethical food consumption and environmental protection.

Chong, C. W., Abdelfattah, F., Teoh, W. M. Y., & Ojo, A. O. (2025). Exploring moral disengagement in meat consumption among Malaysian youth – A cross-sectional study. Appetite, 220, 108439.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.appet.2025.108439

Abstract: Switching to plant-based proteins from animal-source products has been proposed to address both health and environment impacts of livestock production. While experiment-based research on consumer demand for plant-based (vs. meat-based) foods often estimates a significant percentage of people interested in these products, evidence of purchase behavior in real-world markets shows that purchases of plant-based products represent a very small proportion of transactions. We conducted an experiment on the choice of plant- vs. animal-based frozen patties and burgers in a complex choice environment with 50 unique products. We examined the impact of variation in the prevalence of plant-based burgers (20% vs. 30%). Further, we examined individual-specific drivers of choice outcomes. Specifically, we introduced a novel application of ecological momentary assessment (EMA) to identify choice outcomes that participants were actively (cognitively) considering while making a choice. The key outcomes of interest were health and environmental consideration, though we also included taste, cost, and trust in brand, among others. We examined the impact of these EMA variables alongside more traditional measures of consumer priorities. Approximately 10% of participants chose plant-based products both prevalence conditions. Participants actively considering the environment were significantly more likely to choose plant-based options, while individuals reporting active consideration of taste were significantly more likely to choose meat-based alternatives. In a complex choice environment, we find significantly lower choice of plant-based burgers than in simple choice experiments, suggesting that standard experiments may overestimate consumer interest. Further, our results support interventions targeting consideration of sustainability during choice.

Gustafson, C. R., Gitungwa, H., & Rose, D. J. (2025). Plant-based vs. meat-based burgers: Does cognition about environmental and health attributes predict consumer choice?
https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.5928729

Abstract: Cultured meat is increasingly considered a potential complement to conventional meat, yet the determinants of its acceptance remain unclear. This study examined whether motivations underlying conventional meat purchasing are associated with attitudes and behavioural intentions toward cultured meat among adult Polish meat eaters (n = 425). A cross-sectional online survey assessed attitudes, perceived risks, general acceptance, behavioural intentions and socio-demographic characteristics. Overall attitudes and acceptance were moderately positive, while concerns related to technological risk and naturalness persisted. Four psychographic segments were identified, with cautious optimists (35.9%) and concerned ambivalents (33.3%) representing the largest groups. Associations between conventional meat-purchase motivations and attitudes toward cultured meat were statistically significant but modest, with ethical and environmental motives showing weak positive associations and sensory-oriented motives showing weak negative ones. The correspondence between segmentation based on conventional meat motivations and that based on cultured-meat orientations was limited, indicating only partial structural overlap. Younger, urban and higher-educated respondents were disproportionately represented in the more favourable segments, and prior familiarity increased the likelihood of positive attitudes. Overall, the findings indicate that motivations for purchasing conventional meat explain only a limited share of variability in cultured meat acceptance. Factors related to familiarity, perceived technological characteristics and broader psychosocial orientations appear more influential and should be explored further in future research.

Kaczmarek, A. (2025). Do conventional meat-purchase motivations predict acceptance of cultured meat? A national study among Polish consumers.
https://doi.org/10.20944/preprints202512.0475.v1

Abstract:

• This study examines how extrinsic product attributes—particularly different wording options—influence the acceptance of cultured meat among educated Gen Z early adopters in Germany. A discrete choice experiment was conducted with 202 participants aged 18–28 (80% university students). The experiment systematically varied six wording terms (clean meat, cultivated meat, in-vitro meat, laboratory meat, cultured meat, and synthetic meat) together with origin, animal species, claims, labels, and price.
• The findings show that wording has a meaningful effect on choice behavior, accounting for 16% of the attributes’ relative importance. Clean meat yielded the highest part-worth utility, indicating the strongest purchase intentions, whereas in-vitro meat consistently produced the lowest utilities across all consumer segments. Product origin emerged as the most influential attribute (27% relative importance), with Germany preferred over regional origin. Latent class analysis identified four distinct segments—description-oriented (8%), traditional (48%), ethically conscious (21%), and price- and origin-oriented consumers (23%)—each valuing different combinations of attribute levels.
• The study contributes to the literature by demonstrating that small variations in extrinsic product attributes, particularly wording, can substantially shift acceptance of cultured meat among university students and educated young consumers already open to the idea of cultured meat, highlighting that the findings reflect openness-conditional rather than general acceptance.
• Conceptually, the results demonstrate behavioral framing effects: wording alters part‑worth utilities and choice behavior among educated Gen Z early adopters. The latent segments and their psychographic differences indicate that these effects are audience‑dependent—strong for description‑oriented consumers and notably weaker for traditional consumers. These insights offer actionable guidance for industry and policymakers on how to present emerging protein technologies more effectively.
• The use of a predominantly student sample represents the main limitation and should be addressed in future research with more representative participants.

Meyerding, S. G. H., & Schneider, S. (2025). What’s in a name? How product wording shapes cultured meat acceptance among educated Gen-Z early adopters in Germany. Strategic Business Research, 100028.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sbr.2025.100028

Abstract: This study investigates how consumer taste and brand equity perceptions shape the acceptance of plant-based milk products. Using a blind/informed tasting experiment, we evaluated consumers’ willingness to buy (WTB) and taste perception of a plant-based milk alternative produced by a traditional dairy brand, compared with competing plant-based brands. Specifically, we examined (i) the effect of taste and brand equity on WTB and (ii) whether taste mediates the effect of brand equity on WTB. The results show that the dairy brand was positively related to WTB both directly and indirectly, by enhancing taste perception, particularly for sensory attributes such as a milky, and creamy and sweet profile. In contrast, plant-based brands were less effective in evoking similar dairy-like sensory associations. These findings highlight the potential advantage for dairy brands of replicating the sensory experience of their conventional products in plant-based alternatives.

Parmiggiani, F., Casati, M., Castellari, E., Vezzulli, F., Vitali, V., Lambri, M., & Soregaroli, C. (2025). Animal-based brands taking the plant-based opportunity: A tasting experiment exploring consumer acceptance of plant-based brand extensions. Agribusiness.
https://doi.org/10.1002/agr.70056

Abstract: Anticipated social identification with prospective cultured-meat consumers positively influences three behavioural intentions: WTT, willingness to consume regularly and willingness to substitute farmed meat with cultured meat. Openness to other cultures is positively associated with the willingness to consume cultured meat regularly. In contrast, locavorism does not significantly influence behavioural intentions, suggesting that local food preferences may not conflict with the acceptance of cultured meat.

Proi, M., Coderoni, S., & Perito, M. A. (2025). Social identity and intent to try cultured-meat: Beyond locavorism and cultural openness. British Food Journal, 1-20.
https://doi.org/10.1108/BFJ-08-2025-1097

Abstract: The growing popularity of plant-based meat alternatives (PBMAs) as a sustainable dietary option highlights the need to understand family perceptions to support their integration into daily diets. Early-life food preferences often stem from parents or caregivers. This scoping review synthesized existing findings on parents’ and children’s perceptions of traditional and novel PBMAs and identified motivators and barriers to adopting them in family meals. A comprehensive search across 5 databases (Nutrition and Food Sciences, Web of Science, Global Health, Scopus, PsycINFO) was performed on April 1, 2024, using predefined terms. The review adhered to Joanna Briggs Institute (JBI) methodology and PRISMA-ScR reporting guidelines. The Mixed Methods Appraisal Tool was used to assess study quality. Twenty studies were identified: 5 articles on parents or caregivers, 11 studies on children, and 4 articles on parent–child dyads. Parents were more accepting of traditional PBMAs (eg, lentils, tofu, beans, chickpeas), but expressed concerns over the nutritional adequacy, sodium content, and processing of novel PBMAs. Among parents who were non-regular users, traditional PBMAs were viewed mainly as a textural enhancement rather than a nutrient source. By contrast, children were generally more receptive to novel PBMAs compared with parents, particularly when products resembled meat and were linked to environmental and animal welfare benefits. For both parents and children, taste emerged as the primary driver for repeated consumption. Strategies to increase PBMA uptake in families should be focusing on improving the sensory appeal and nutritional profile of these products, enhancing product transparency around ingredients and processing technologies, and providing tailored nutrition education that aligns with existing knowledge and cooking skills. Family-based interventions that address both parental concerns and children’s motivations may be particularly effective in positioning PBMAs as an accepted component of everyday family meals.

Ting Goh, A. (2025). Parents’ and children’s perceptions and attitudes towards traditional and novel plant-based meat alternatives: A scoping review. Nutrition Reviews. https://academic.oup.com/nutritionreviews/advance-article/doi/10.1093/nutrit/nuaf257/8407872

Abstract: Driven by the “dual-carbon strategy” and healthy consumption trends, green labels and health claims have become common on product packages. However, existing researches focus only on the effects of individual labels, with limited exploration of their combined impact. Based on signaling theory, this study treats green labels as high-cost, observable signals and health claims as low-cost signals. It argues that green labels can provide credibility for health claims, thereby enhancing brand trust and increasing consumer purchase intention. A questionnaire survey was conducted using Telunsu dairy products, a premium brand under the Inner Mongolia Yili Group, as a case study. We received 153 valid answers. Results show that green labels directly enhance brand trust and indirectly promote purchase intention by making the health claim more believable. Brand trust significantly mediates the relationship between green labels and purchase intention. This study not only extends the application of signaling theory to green and health marketing but also provides practical guidance for businesses in label design and communication.

Wei, L. (2025). The signal in consumer decision-making: The role of green labels, health claims, and brand trust. Farmeconomia. Health Economics and Therapeutic Pathways, 1(6).
https://doi.org/10.61173/k9kkzn03

Abstract: Nomenclature used in labeling food using cultured cells is critical for the novel food industry. Currently, different names are used among industry, academia, government ministries, and the media in Japan. A unified name is desirable for communication among the public and stakeholders. This study aims to clarify the characteristics of several commonly used Japanese names for food products made from cultured cells and clarify the potential problems of each name. An online survey was conducted targeting 6,000-panel participants aged 20 to 69, using package images of four types of food products that consumers might encounter in supermarkets: ”beef,” “hamburger steak,” “salmon,” and “Japanese steamed fish cake (kamaboko),” testing the names “細胞性(saibousei)”, meaning “cell-based”, “培養(baiyou)”, meaning “cultured”, “細胞培養(saibou baiyou)”, meaning “cell-cultured”, and “人工培養(jinkou baiyou)”, meaning “artificially cultured”. As a result of the experiment, no name was found to be clearly superior across all criteria. The term “cell-based” has advantages, such as being less likely to be mistaken for conventional foods, being less likely to give consumers the impression of being unnatural. On the other hand, the terms “cultured” and “cell-cultured” allow for an association with the production technology through the name. However, they are also prone to misinterpretation, such as being mistaken for farmed fish or being perceived as identical to conventional foods. We discussed that additional explanation about the technology’s characteristics is necessary, depending on the name used.

Yoshitomi, M. A., & Hibino, A. (2025). Consumer clarity or technological prestige? The choice of names: A survey experiment on Japanese nomenclature for labeling food made with cultured cells.
https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.5876559

Abstract: The rapid population growth and excessive consumption of traditional meat resources have led to environmental degradation. Replacing meat consumption with alternative protein products can effectively reduce traditional meat consumption. Some developed countries, such as Singapore and the United Kingdom, have conducted research in this area for many years and achieved some results, with alternative protein products already commercialized. However, active participation from consumers in other countries is still needed. Moreover, alternative protein products cannot be accepted by many consumers in a short period of time. This paper summarizes findings from indicator surveys conducted among consumers in representative countries. It identifies variations in consumption willingness toward alternative protein products among Asian populations and analyzes underlying reasons. Furthermore, it explores technical and ethical challenges that must be addressed before promoting alternative protein products, aiming to provide clear guidance for enterprises regarding the consumption prospects of such products. As environmentally conscious and green consumption concepts gain traction, we believe these obstacles will be expected to be effectively resolved through technological innovation.

Zhang, Z. (2025). Differences in Asian consumers’ willingness to purchase plant-based meat and alternative protein products. MS, 1(1).
https://doi.org/10.61173/wanp6j33

Abstract: Precision Livestock Farming integrates sensor technologies, automated monitoring systems, and data-driven decision tools to improve the management of livestock at the individual-animal level. In dairy systems, PLF has rapidly expanded as a tool to enhance productivity, environmental sustainability, and animal welfare. This literature review synthesizes current knowledge on PLF applications in dairy cattle, with emphasis on heat stress detection, behavior and welfare assessment, automatic milking systems, and performance optimization. Findings highlight that PLF improves early disease detection, enhances milking efficiency, optimizes resource use, and provides welfare-related behavioral insights. However, challenges remain, including technical failures, risks of reduced human-animal interaction, welfare trade-offs, and ethical concerns linked to excessive technologization of animal care. Significant knowledge gaps also persist concerning positive welfare assessment, long-term impacts, standardized metrics, and applicability across diverse production systems. This review concludes that Precision Livestock Farming has strong potential to support sustainable and welfare-friendly dairy production when integrated with thoughtful management, ethical oversight, and robust farmer engagement.

Akasa, L. U. (2025). Precision livestock farming and animal welfare in dairy systems. International Journal of Veterinary Science, 11(3), 1-5.
https://doi.org/10.14445/24550868/IJVS-V11I3P101

Abstract: The future of poultry production hinges on a revolutionary paradigm shift: transforming subjective, labor-intensive welfare assessments into data-driven, intelligent monitoring systems. Traditional welfare evaluation methods—constrained by human limitations and unimodal sensor dependencies—fail to capture the intricate, multidimensional nature of laying hen welfare in modern commercial environments. Multimodal Artificial Intelligence (AI) emerges as the critical breakthrough technology, orchestrating sophisticated fusion of visual, acoustic, environmental, and physiological data streams to unlock unprecedented insights into avian welfare dynamics. This comprehensive review synthesizes 130 peer-reviewed studies, revealing multimodal AI’s transformative potential in laying hen welfare monitoring. Through systematic analysis of fusion architectures, we demonstrate that intermediate (feature-level) fusion strategies achieve optimal robustness-performance equilibrium under real-world poultry conditions, delivering superior scalability compared to early or late fusion approaches. Our investigation exposes critical implementation barriers: sensor fragility in harsh environments, prohibitive deployment costs, inconsistent behavioral taxonomies, and limited cross-farm generalizability that collectively impede widespread adoption. To overcome these challenges, we introduce two pioneering evaluation frameworks: the Domain Transfer Score (DTS) quantifying model generalizability across diverse farm conditions, and the Data Reliability Index (DRI) assessing sensor data quality under operational constraints. Additionally, we propose a modular, context-aware deployment framework specifically engineered for laying hen environments, enabling scalable integration of multimodal sensing technologies. This review establishes the scientific foundation for transitioning from reactive, unimodal monitoring to proactive, multimodal welfare systems, ultimately catalyzing the evolution toward precision-driven, ethically conscious poultry production that harmonizes productivity with animal welfare imperatives.

Essien, D., & Neethirajan, S. (2025). Multimodal AI systems for enhanced laying hen welfare assessment and productivity optimization. Smart Agricultural Technology, 12.

Abstract: Animal welfare is a recognised and important issue within the European Union, addressed through comprehensive regulations such as Regulations 1/2005 and 1099/2009, which emphasise the necessity to respect and protect the welfare of animals, particularly during transport and slaughter procedures. These legislative measures are part of an ongoing European commitment to ensure ethical treatment and minimise suffering for food-producing animals, aligning with broader food safety and public health goals. This project aimed to create a prototype of an updated cattle path designed to minimise stress and reduce reliance on coercive means such as electric prods, while also decreasing the risk of injury due to trauma or falls. The approach focused on implementing evidence-based methods and integrating preventative design features that support both animal behaviour and safety in handling environments. The ultimate goal was to guarantee the welfare and protection of animals as specified in European guidelines, while also achieving improvements in meat quality. By advancing these objectives, the project demonstrates how compliance with animal welfare standards can be harmonised with operational efficiency and product quality, benefitting both animals and consumers across the European Union.

European Food Safety Authority (EFSA), Janiszewski, P., Misuraca, M., Costanzi, E., & Goga, B. C. (2025). Ensuring ethical production of beef: A comprehensive risk assessment of animal welfare during transportation and slaughter processes. EFSA Journal. European Food Safety Authority, 23(Suppl 1), e231116.
https://doi.org/10.2903/j.efsa.2025.e231116

Abstract: With the large-scale and intensive development of cattle farming, traditional health monitoring is incompetent for both dairy and beef cattle in commercial and research settings due to high labor costs and poor real-time performance, making intelligent technologies a core solution. This review innovatively integrates three core dimensions—behavioral detection, physiological parameter monitoring, and in vitro substance analysis—filling the gap of single-dimensional summaries and systematically combining technical performance with key deployment considerations (cost, durability, environmental adaptability). Studies show that the detection accuracy of key health indicators generally exceeds 85%, but most technologies face common challenges including animal stress, environmental interference, and complex calibration. Future research should prioritize multimodal data fusion, low-cost sensor development, and anti-interference algorithm optimization. This review provides comprehensive technical references for smart livestock farming, facilitating efficient and sustainable cattle health management.

Li, T., Zhang, R., Zhao, H., Zhang, L., Xu, G., Yi, T., & Wang, W. (2025). Advancements in intelligent monitoring technologies for behavioral, physiological, and biomarker analysis in cattle health: A review. Agriculture, 16(1), 39.
https://doi.org/10.3390/agriculture16010039

Abstract: There is increasing demand for food systems reform that regenerates environmental health, fosters positive animal welfare, and ensures global food security for current and future generations. This exemplifies the One Welfare framework, which explores interconnections between human, animal, and environmental wellbeing. Behavioural sciences can provide valuable insights into farmers’ behavioural determinants, informing ways to promote sustainable shifts in production practices. To analyse the current research landscape this scoping review asked: “how have previous researchers used Human Behaviour Change (HBC) science to design and/or assess interventions aimed at improving livestock farmers’ behaviours in relation to any component of the One Welfare framework?”. Of 9799 peer-reviewed publications, 21 met inclusion criteria. Most investigated behavioural intentions rather than actioned behaviour change. Of the studies that used HBC science to assess interventions, most interventions had not been designed using HBC science. Methodologies were typically underpinned by theoretical frameworks that are suboptimal for intervention design, and there was a lack of diverse representation across existing research efforts. Our findings highlight a missed opportunity to optimally leverage HBC science to catalyse real-world change. As such, any hesitation among farmers to shift production may reflect a failure of interventions to effectively address the barriers they experience. We recommend that upstream actors, including researchers and policymakers, onboard behavioural sciences to inform the development of interventions to support, rather than pressure, livestock farmers. This will aid the mobilisation of food systems reform, safeguarding a habitable planet where human- and non-human animals can thrive, now and into the future.

Naydani, C. J., Jessiman, L., Doyle, R., & Jarvis, S. (2026). (How) have human behaviour change interventions influenced livestock farmers’ behaviours in relation to One Welfare components? A scoping review. Agriculture and Human Values, 43(1), 10.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s10460-025-10812-2

Abstract: Animal welfare is a crucial issue in animal production, and researchers are seeking optimal methods to evaluate animal welfare in the field. In poultry farming, laying hen health and welfare are critical to consumer perception of product quality. The aim of the review was to examine traditional and advanced measurement trends of animal welfare in laying hens’ farms. Emerging technologies have facilitated a more profound comprehension of animal responses to diverse scenarios encountered in livestock production systems. Currently, conventional methods, such as behavioral observations, are time-consuming and highly dependent on the experienced observer’s expertise; likewise, other valuable indicators, including physiological parameters, hormonal levels, thermographic changes in the body, and hematological parameters, are widely used but are being re-evaluated. Currently, technological advances are developing comparatively non-invasive methods for multiple and long-term monitoring, such as machine vision and deep learning algorithms to track bird behavior. In addition, molecular techniques have emerged as promising tools to understand the cellular responses under internal or external stressful conditions and improve farm animal welfare. However, several challenges exist in terms of standardization and implementation of the new technologies, especially in developing countries. These challenges include limited access to advanced tools, costs, among others, and hinder implementation. In this review, we conclude that welfare research requires a holistic and interdisciplinary approach, utilizing both conventional measurements and new technologies to enable a more comprehensive assessment of animal welfare.

Rodriguez-Hernandez, R., Lozano-Villegas, K. J., Rondon-Barragan, I. S., & Oviedo-Rondon, E. O. (2026). Trends in measurement techniques in laying hen farm welfare: A review. Tropical Animal Science Journal, 49(1), 1-18.
https://doi.org/10.5398/tasj.2026.49.1.1

Abstract: Livestock production is central to global food systems, contributing nearly 40% of agricultural GDP and supporting the livelihoods of over a billion people, yet it faces growing challenges of increasing demand, disease risks, environmental impacts, and resource inefficiencies. The primary types of livestock, such as dairy, meat, and poultry, provide essential sources of protein, micronutrients, and calories. The objective of this review is to critically assess the role of smart sensors and IoT in transforming livestock production systems. The scope includes examining various applications of sensor technologies in animal health monitoring, precision feeding, reproductive management, behaviour assessment, and environmental control. The integration of smart sensors and Internet of Things (IoT) technologies provides transformative solutions by enabling continuous monitoring of animal health, behaviour, and environmental conditions, coupled with real-time decision support. Wearable devices, environmental and biometric sensors, imaging systems, and IoT-enabled platforms enhance disease detection, reproductive management, precision feeding, and welfare assessment, while reducing feed costs and improving resource use efficiency. Artificial intelligence, big data, and machine learning models strengthen predictive analytics, enabling early detection of disease outbreaks, optimisation of performance, and proactive risk management. Cloud computing and mobile applications extend the benefits of digital livestock farming by offering accessible decision support to farmers across diverse production systems. Despite significant benefits, challenges persist, including high initial investment, connectivity limitations in rural areas, data ownership concerns, and the need for farmer training and technical support. Global policy interventions, financial incentives, and interoperability standards are essential to overcome these barriers, while ethical considerations must ensure that animal welfare and farmer autonomy are safeguarded. Future innovations, including robotics, drones, blockchain-enabled traceability, wearable nano-sensors, biosensors, and the deployment of 5G with edge computing, promise to create fully integrated, climate-smart, and transparent livestock ecosystems. These advances align with sustainability goals by improving feed efficiency, lowering emissions, and enhancing carbon sequestration through better resource use. The critical role of smart sensors and IoT in reshaping livestock production toward greater efficiency, welfare, profitability, and environmental stewardship, offering a pathway to resilient food systems capable of meeting the rising global demand for safe, ethical, and sustainable animal products.

Vithalrao, U. S. (2025). A review of the impact of smart sensors and IoT on modern livestock production management. Archives of Current Research International, 25(12).

Abstract: Providing sows with varied residential options between meals and individually adjusted feeding during the gestating period ensured motion and well-being without reducing productivity and with low incidences of aggressions and medical treatments/cullings. The study also confirmed that gestating sows can be housed in uninsulated buildings during winter, if they are shielded from wind and can guard themselves from chill, e.g. by bivouacking themselves in deep litter straw.

Wallgren, P., Johansson, S.-E., Kirk, M., Mattsson, P., Lindahl, L., & Zoric, M. (2025). Varied residential options for gestating sows ensured welfare and productivity. Porcine Health Management, 11(1), 63.
https://doi.org/10.1186/s40813-025-00477-y

Abstract: Digital technologies and the internet determine our professional and private everyday life. This also applies to the dairy industry and veterinary practice. The objective of the presented study was to learn more about the perception of digital technologies by students of veterinary medicine (VetMed) and agricultural sciences (AgriSci) in Germany, Austria, and Switzerland. This next generation of farmers and veterinarians will have to deal with digital technologies in their later professional lives and they will have to face societal demands such as animal welfare and the reduced use of pharmaceuticals. We created an online survey comprising 6 sections: (1) demographic data, (2) questions about the participants’ relationship to today’s dairy industry, (3) participants’ perception of digital technologies in everyday life and in the dairy industry, (4) associations based on the effects of images, (5) visions and expectations of the dairy industry in the future. Finally, the participants were asked whether they felt well prepared for the digital transformation in the dairy industry by their colleges. The survey link was sent to the students through their administration or student body of veterinary medicine and agricultural sciences colleges and faculties in Austria, Germany, and Switzerland. In total, 454 questionnaires were eligible for the final analysis, 318 from veterinary medicine students, and 136 from agricultural science students. In general students of both disciplines have a positive attitude toward the use of digital technologies as all participants of the study showed a high acceptance of cows being equipped with sensors. But the survey shows also areas in which the students are skeptical about the technological progress and especially VetMed students did not agree with some procedures in dairy cattle husbandry such as early cow-calf separation and an automatic feeding of calves. They also associated digital technologies with a reduction or even a loss of human-animal relationship. One reason for this can be seen in the preparation for the digital transformation in the dairy industry. Almost 50% of VetMed students were not “adequately prepared” for this transformation during their studies; among AgriSci students, it was one-third of the respondents. The current survey provides a fundament for discussing various topics against the background of digitalization in the dairy industry. Representative examples are veterinary education and the shortage of livestock veterinarians.

Weimar, K. R., Heuwieser, W., Iwersen, M., & Drillich, M. (2026). A survey among students of veterinary medicine and agricultural sciences in Germany, Austria, and Switzerland about perception of digital technologies on dairy farms and students’ preparedness for the digital transformation in dairy farming. Journal of Dairy Science, 109(2), 1604-1619.
https://doi.org/10.3168/jds.2025-26912

Abstract: Aquatic Life Institute (ALI) has launched the fourth edition of the Aquaculture Certification Schemes Benchmark. In 2025, the report evaluated 9 certification schemes and 2 rating agencies, providing a comprehensive overview of how welfare commitments are currently embedded across leading global standards.

Aquatic Life Institute. (2025). 2025 Aquaculture Certification Schemes Benchmark. Aquatic Life Institute. https://www.ali.fish/certifier-campaign-resources/benchmark-2025

Abstract: There is no specific EU legislation dedicated to fish welfare during farming, transport, or killing; however, fish are covered under the general provisions of Council Directive 98/58/EC (protection of animals kept for farming purposes) and Regulations (EC) No 1/2005 (on the protection of animals during transport and related operations) and No 1099/2009 (on the protection of animals at the time of killing). Significant advancements in fish farming practices in recent years have introduced new welfare concerns. In this context, and to prepare for potential mandates on fish welfare, EFSA conducted an information-gathering exercise on fish farming during the 25th meeting of the EFSA Animal Health and Welfare (AHAW) Network aimed at mapping current fish farming systems in the EU. A pre-meeting survey was circulated to network representatives, and most responded. The aggregated results were discussed during the meeting, together with clarification questions and a poll. Not all major EU-farmed fish species are produced in every country. Some species are widely distributed, such as brown trout (Salmo trutta), carp (Cyprinus carpio), European eel (Anguilla anguilla), rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) and salmon (Salmo salar). In contrast, species such as bluefin tuna (Thunnus thynnus) are only farmed in a few countries, while others are restricted to the Mediterranean areas, including seabass (Dicentrarchus labrax), and seabream (Sparus aurata). Common husbandry systems include Recirculating Aquaculture System, Flow-through System, freshwater ponds and net pens while almadraba traps and saltmarsh ponds are mainly used in Southern Europe. The links to all relevant national legislation or guidelines, as well as information on additional species and husbandry systems provided, were collected and are annexed to this report.

European Food Safety Authority (EFSA), Baquero, A. L., Caravaca, C. M., Fabris, C., Van der Stede, Y., & Candiani, D. (2025). Fish husbandry systems: Exercise of the EFSA AHAW Network (animal welfare topic). EFSA Supporting Publications, 22(12).
https://doi.org/10.2903/sp.efsa.2025.EN-9821

Abstract: Genome editing using site-directed nucleases (SDNs), particularly with the CRISPR/Cas9 system, has emerged as a powerful platform for aquaculture innovation, enabling precise, heritable, and non-transgenic modifications that enhance productivity, sustainability, and animal welfare. This review synthesizes molecular, regulatory, ecological, and societal perspectives to highlight global advances in genome-edited fish and their transition from laboratory research to field applications. To date, over forty aquatic species have been successfully edited to improve traits such as growth, disease resistance, pigmentation, and reproductive control. Notably, market-approved SDN-1 fish lines, including mstn-knockout red seabream and Nile tilapia, and lepr-edited tiger puffer and olive flounder, have demonstrated improved productivity; however, publicly available welfare data remain limited. These examples illustrate how product-based SDN-1 regulatory frameworks in Japan, Argentina, and Brazil enable commercialization while ensuring biosafety. Nonetheless, limited field trials and regulatory heterogeneity continue to hinder global harmonization. Major challenges include the development of standardized welfare metrics, assessment of multigenerational stability, evaluation of ecological risks, and transparent data sharing. To address these gaps, a structured reporting checklist is proposed to guide consistent molecular validation, welfare assessment, biosafety containment, and data transparency. Genome editing through SDN-based precision, coupled with ethical governance, represents a crucial step toward sustainable, resilient, and publicly trusted aquaculture systems.

Kho, K. H., Sukhan, Z. P., Cho, Y., Cho, D., & Choi, C. Y. (2025). Genome-Edited Fish in the Field. Current Issues in Molecular Biology, 47(12).
https://doi.org/10.3390/cimb47121013

Abstract: This study investigated the perceptions of AAW among educators (n = 47), students (n = 359), and aquaculture sector stakeholders (n = 34) in key aquaculture regions of South and South-Central Vietnam. Using a mixed-methods survey, perception scores, understanding of core welfare concepts, curricular coverage, and willingness to pay (WTP) for higher-welfare products were assessed. Although perception scores were high across surveyed groups, only 5.57% of students identified most of the Five Freedoms of Animal Welfare, while 17.0% showed no understanding of welfare. This highlighted a gap between awareness and understanding, leading to the development of the Awareness Depth Gap Framework. A small but statistically significant negative correlation (Kendall–Theil –Sen slope = −0.28, p < 1.25 × 10−12) indicated that greater AAW curricular inclusion was associated with stronger welfare attitudes. Willingness to pay modest premiums (6–10%) for higher-welfare products increased non-linearly with higher perception scores among educators and students. In contrast, aquaculture sector stakeholders appeared to prioritise economic factors over welfare. These results highlight the need for structured AAW curricula and community collaborative education to close knowledge gaps. This study provides the first empirical insights into AAW perceptions across the education and aquaculture sectors in Vietnam.

Saugh, S., Long, P. K., Trinh, L.-H., Hoang, O. D., Kim, H. H., Day, P. V., Thi, M. N., Zacarias, S., & Da, C. T. (2025). Assessing Perceptions Toward Aquatic Animal Welfare: A Study on the Perspectives of Educators, Students and Aquaculture Industry Stakeholders in South and South-Central Vietnam. Animals, 16(1).
https://doi.org/10.3390/ani16010026

Abstract: Few consumers are aware that the so-called seafood comes from commercial aquaculture, where lobsters, crabs or shrimps and prawns are kept in cruel conditions of crustaceans factory farming. At the same time, the sentiment and neurobehavior of crustaceans continue to pose challenges for neurobiology, comparative cognition, and ethical reflection. Knowledge about the sentiment of decapods, exploited in the food and entertainment industries (pet shops, fishkeeping hobbies, aquafarming), is particularly important for contemporary animal ethics and biopolitics in the context of condemning cruel breeding practices, proposing legal protection of decapods and enforcing welfare standards. For this reason, the article presents the foundation of the sentience phenomenon, which is the ability to experience pain in selected species of crabs, crayfish and prawns. The discussed cases of pain perception seem to be representative of the entire group of farmed decapods. The conclusions resulting from the experiments indicate all decapods should be included as soon as possible in international legal acts to limit brutal forms of breeding, transporting, and slaughtering them.

Urbaniak, M. (2025). The experience of pain in decapod crustaceans from a neurobehavioral perspective: A challenge for the invertebrate welfare theory. Zoophilologica, 1-23.
https://doi.org/10.31261/ZOOPHILOLOGICA.2025.16.10

Abstract: Artificial intelligence (AI) introduces new capabilities to animal agriculture that could alter production methods, economic structures, and animal welfare outcomes. Responding strategically requires an understanding of how quickly such changes will unfold, whether they will benefit or harm animal welfare, and what interventions will remain relevant. In this three-part series, we take a close look at how AI will be used over the next five years in aquaculture, which collectively farms hundreds of billions of animals each year for food. This report analyzes the current state of AI innovation in aquaculture, including the operational challenges faced by farmers, the functional problems that AI products are being developed to solve, the species currently targeted by new technologies, and the global R&D hubs leading AI innovation in aquaculture. The two reports that follow will address Deployment and Welfare Effects, respectively.

Williamson, S., McAuliffe, W., & McKay, H. (2025). How AI is affecting farmed aquatic animals. Part 1: Innovation. Rethink Priorities. https://rethinkpriorities.org/research-area/how-ai-is-affecting-farmed-aquatic-animals-1/

Abstract: A growing body of research has demonstrated the prevalence of unfavourable attitudes towards individuals who adhere to a vegan diet and has provided empirical evidence to support the existence of an anti-vegan ideology. The present study aims to contribute to extant knowledge by examining the social perception of veganism and vegans in Italy. Italy is a nation characterised by a traditional culture of food that serves as a significant catalyst for collective identification and national pride. However, the country is experiencing significant changes that are precipitating a diversification of dietary habits and a transformation of the cultural identity of its citizens. A structured interview was administered to 156 participants (85 women) aged 19 to 68. A framework analysis of the interview data yielded three overarching themes: ‘Veganism as a deficit’, ‘Veganism as naturalness’, and ‘Veganism as a threat’. The analysis demonstrated the pervasive negative perceptions of the vegan diet as a deficiency and a potential threat to cultural identity, alongside a concomitant stigmatisation of individuals who adhere to a vegan diet. This stigmatisation is rooted in the normative perspective of carnism, even in a country whose diet is not meat-centric. Notwithstanding this predominantly negative perception, one of the themes presented in this study offers a positive assessment of veganism, centred on its naturalness. The present analysis illuminates and deepens the multifaceted and somewhat contradictory nature of the social perception of veganism within a context characterised by contrasting features and relevant social changes.

Amicabile, C., & Montali, L. (2025). “A football team with no midfield”: A qualitative analysis of anti-vegan stigma in Italy. Appetite, 108411.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.appet.2025.108411

Abstract: Moving towards more plant-based diets is a win-win for both human and planetary health. However, for successful adoption, such diets must be realistic and convenient. This study explored the factors influencing food choices among young women in Scotland and examined how they interpret and use plant-based and convenience food in their daily lives. We conducted semi-structured interviews with 30 women aged 18–24 and generated six themes using reflexive thematic analysis within a critical realist framework. We found meat consumption to be socially and culturally embedded, reinforced by family, peers, and social media (Theme 1). Participants expressed a sense of safety with familiar meat-based dishes and fear towards unfamiliar plant-based dishes (Theme 2). ‘Plant-based’ was widely perceived as meat alternatives only, which were rejected across health, taste, cost, and identity considerations. Although cost was the biggest driver of food choice, meat was perceived as a necessary expense, further justified by health motivations (Theme 3). Environmental concerns were less important, with participants demonstrating limited awareness about the environmental impact of food (Theme 4). Convenience was important, though ready meals were rejected in favour of batch cooking and quick-prep meals (Theme 5). Meat reduction was perceived as an all-or-nothing identity shift, with negative vegan stereotypes deterring even small reductions in intake (Theme 6). These findings highlight the need to reposition plant-based foods as affordable, convenient, healthy, and familiar, likely requiring wider food system changes. Further, health benefits of increased plant-based wholefoods and reduced meat consumption should be emphasised in government and industry messaging.

Stewart, C., Davis, T., & Papies, E. K. (2026). Plant-based diets among young women in Scotland: “Unless it’s affordable, convenient, healthy, and familiar, it’s a no”. Appetite, 220, 108442.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.appet.2026.108442

Abstract: Flexitarians are becoming increasingly popular to study in social scientific consumer research and flexitarianism is often seen as a potential solution to the sustainability challenges related to high levels of meat consumption in rich countries. The paper examines popular, historical and scientific understandings of the term, and identifies and discusses three central challenges with how the term flexitarian has been applied in empirical research. First, there is no commonly agreed-upon definition of who counts as a flexitarian. This makes it hard to ascertain shares of flexitarians across populations and difficult to assess the accuracy of existing estimations. Second, there is a tendency to operationalize the term in ways that lead to large internal variations. This often leads to the inclusion of frequent meat eaters in the category, which risks leading to overly optimistic accounts of both the prevalence and the transformative potential of flexitarianism. Third, there has been limited scientific discussion about the issues pertaining to the term ‘flexitarian’, which means that it is still unclear whether ‘flexitarians’ can usefully be viewed as a distinct consumer group. The paper contributes with a systematic discussion of the limitations and challenges associated with the term “flexitarian(ism)” and its use in empirical research. It concludes by discussing potential implications and by providing suggestions for future research.

Wendler, M., Sundet, O., & Volden, J. (2025). Who do we talk about when we talk about flexitarians? Appetite, 108410.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.appet.2025.108410

Abstract: With global population growth and rising consumption levels, the demand for meat has increased dramatically. Traditional animal husbandry, due to its high resource consumption and significant environmental pressures—such as substantial greenhouse gas emissions, land occupation, and water resource waste, has become difficult to sustainably meet future demands. As an emerging alternative protein source, plant-based meat substitutes can significantly reduce resource consumption and alleviate environmental pollution by extracting protein from plants and simulating the taste of meat. Based on the life cycle assessment method, this paper systematically compares the environmental impacts of plant-based meat substitutes and traditional pork on greenhouse gas emissions, energy use, water consumption, and land use during the production process. The results indicate that plant-based meat substitutes exhibit superior environmental performance in all dimensions. Furthermore, this article explores the current challenges in the industry, such as insufficient consumer acceptance, and proposes corresponding promotion strategies, providing both a theoretical foundation and practical references for the development of plant-based meat substitutes.

Li, Y., Luo, Z., & Zhu, Z. (2025). Environmental impact of the plant-based meat alternatives. MS, 1(1).
https://doi.org/10.61173/vky71n51

Abstract: Meat production through agriculture is a significant contributor to climate change yet it is a staple food and a major source of protein in many diets around the world. As such a protein arms race has begun to develop sustainable protein sources with plant-based, insect and lab grown alternatives emerging as top contenders. Cultivated meat, animal cells grown in vitro for consumption as food, is an emerging technology that is often seen as a more sustainable alternative to traditional meat production by virtue of the fact it avoids many of the heavily polluting agricultural processes such as enteric fermentation and fertiliser use. The first life cycle assessments (LCA) of cultivated meat shone a favourable light on the environmental impacts of cultivated meat. However, as the technology develops and more representative LCAs are conducted the environmental impact potentials are greater than originally reported due to a greater understanding of the technology. This paper examines existing LCAs of cultivated meat and identifies data gaps and potential improvements within the cultivated meat production system.

This work highlights that there are still many data gaps that exist around the environmental impacts of cultivated meat. Specifically, modelling of growth factor production at suitable scale for a cultivated meat industry, the impact of cell line production and storage, production of scaffold materials, and downstream processes after removal from bioreactors are required to accurately assess the impacts of cultivated meat production. As such there needs to be further collaboration between LCA practitioners and cultivated meat producers to fully realise any environmental benefits or burdens that cultivated meat may have at commercial scale.

McDonald, L. J., McManus, M., & Newnes, L. (2025). Is cultivated meat sustainable? – Research pathways to cleaner “clean meat.” Cleaner Food Systems, 2, 100007.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.clfs.2025.100007

Abstract: Cultured meat has emerged as a promising alternative to conventional meat in response to increasing concerns over food security, environmental depletion, and ethical issues in livestock production. Despite its potential, the sustainability of cultured meat remains underexplored and fragmented across environmental, social-health, and technological-economic dimensions. This study conducts a systematic literature review of 118 peer-reviewed articles to comprehensively assess the sustainability of cultured meat. Utilizing PRISMA guidelines, this research identifies three clusters of inquiry: (i) environmental impacts; (ii) social and health implications; and (iii) technological-economic feasibility. Findings reveal that while cultured meat may significantly reduce land use and greenhouse gas emissions, its high energy demand and reliance on hypothetical (laboratory-scale) production data limit current environmental assessments. From a social perspective, it shows promise in promoting animal welfare and public health, but it still faces challenges related to consumer acceptance and regulatory clarity. Technologically, innovations in bioreactors, scaffolds, and serum-free media are progressing, yet cost-efficiency and scalability remain key obstacles. The study highlights the importance of moving beyond laboratory models toward real-world, evidence-based evaluations to fully understand the role of cultured meat within sustainable food systems.

Rana, R. L., Bux, C., & Tommaso, V. (2026). The sustainability nexus of cultured meat: Integrating environmental, social, and technological-economic insights. Food Research International (Ottawa, Ont.), 227, 118245.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodres.2025.118245

Abstract: Reducing consumption of animal products is crucial to addressing the climate crisis. Educational interventions have shown promise in promoting plant-based diets, but the picture is not yet clear. Across two interventions, we examined whether brief, targeted video interventions could influence real-world dietary behaviours in university settings. Study 1 (n = 39) employed food vouchers as a behavioural measure, revealing a significant effect: participants who watched a video focusing on the environmental tolls of animal agriculture (versus plant-based foods) were 2.5 times more likely to redeem their vouchers for vegetarian/vegan meals compared to the control group. Study 2 expanded the intervention scope (employing both an environmental- and ethics-focused intervention) and altered the outcome measure (measuring selection of vegan vs non-vegan meals at a university formal dinner). Study 2 (n = 102) effectively reduced selections of meals containing meat, but the effect was weaker than in Study 1. Methodological differences and sample limitations may explain the effect size discrepancies. These interventions highlight the potential of educational interventions for meat reduction in university contexts. To expand on this study’s results, we encourage future research to explore sustained dietary changes post-intervention, rather than single meal choices, and to test a variety of intervention videos.

Hankins, E., Balhatchet, C., Bryant, C., Wilks, M., Macdonald, C., Hankins, R., Abugu, P., Walker Mackay, T., McFarlane Smith, W., Hazel, H. W., & Clargo, S. (2025). Educational presentations reduce meat consumption across two universities. Psychology of Human-Animal Intergroup Relations, 4.
https://doi.org/10.5964/phair.18523

Abstract: Reducing meat consumption is crucial for addressing environmental and health challenges; however, implementing effective policies requires public support. This study investigates psychological and political determinants of public acceptance of four proposed meat reduction policies in Finland—two price-based and two availability-based measures—developed from expert recommendations. Using a representative sample of Finnish adults (N = 1999), we applied structural equation modeling to examine how perceived policy fairness, effectiveness, and intrusiveness mediate the influence of environmental risk perception and political trust on policy acceptance. Acceptance rates ranged from 25 % for the prohibition of discount sales to 35 % for taxing the most environmentally harmful meat products. Of the proximal predictors, perceived fairness had the strongest association with acceptance across all policies. Perceived effectiveness and intrusiveness had smaller associations. Environmental risk perception showed a large indirect effect on acceptance. Political trust had a moderate indirect effect on acceptance, primarily through perceived fairness. These findings suggest that future communication strategies might benefit most from emphasizing policy fairness. Interventions targeting distal predictors may aim to raise environmental risk awareness, although this strategy must be pursued carefully to avoid fear-based disengagement. This cross-sectional work opens exciting avenues for future research using experimental or longitudinal designs.

Nykanen, E.-P., Raikkonen, J., Honkanen, A., Ahvenharju, S., Lalot, F., Tuomasjukka, S., & Lagstrom, H. (2025). Mainstreaming sustainable consumption through regulation: Public acceptance of new meat reduction policies. Sustainable Production and Consumption, 61, 247-260.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.spc.2025.10.020

Abstract: Meat consumption is a major driver of global greenhouse gas emissions. While pricing interventions have shown potential to reduce meat intake, previous studies have focused on highly constrained environments with limited consumer choice. Here, we present the first large-scale field experiment to evaluate multiple pricing interventions in a real-world, competitive setting. Using a sequential crossover design with matched menus in a Swiss university campus, we systematically compared vegetarian-meal discounts (-2.5 CHF), meat surcharges (+2.5 CHF), and a combined scheme (-1.2 CHF=+1.2 CHF) across four campus cafeterias. Only the surcharge and combined interventions led to significant increases in vegetarian meal uptake–by 26.4% and 16.6%, respectively–and reduced CO2 emissions per meal by 7.4% and 11.3%, respectively. The surcharge, while effective, triggered a 12.3% drop in sales at intervention sites and a corresponding 14.9% increase in non-treated locations, hence causing a spillover effect that completely offset environmental gains. In contrast, the combined approach achieved meaningful emission reductions without significant effects on overall sales or revenue, making it both effective and economically viable. Notably, pricing interventions were equally effective for both vegetarian-leaning customers and habitual meat-eaters, stimulating change even within entrenched dietary habits. Our results show that balanced pricing strategies can reduce the carbon footprint of realistic food environments, but require coordinated implementation to maximize climate benefits and avoid unintended spillover effects.

Salvi, Francesco, Russo, Giuseppe, Barla, Adam, Moreau, Vincent, West, & Robert. (2025). Carrot, stick, or both? Price incentives for sustainable food choice in competitive environments. ArXiv. https://arxiv.org/abs/2512.13174

Abstract: Post-secondary campus food services are one of the best contexts for trying new ideas for promoting plant-forward foods for health and sustainability. Two main approaches can be discerned in the literature: increasing offerings of meat-free plant-based dishes and either fully or partially substituting plant-based ingredients for meat in existing meat-based dishes. It is now timely to determine what proportion of menu offerings offered in post-secondary institutions across Canada are plant-forward dishes. Post-secondary campus food services are promising contexts for promoting plant-forward diets, yet little information exists on adoption across Canada. The extent of adoption, facilitators and barriers to implementation, and characteristics of plant-forward entrées were identified by food service representatives. The online survey included variables from the inner and outer setting and implementation process domains of Damschroder et al.’s (2022) Consolidated Framework for Implementation Research. Thirty-four Canadian university and college food service units participated. The percentage of plant-forward to overall entrée offerings varied widely, with a median of 17% in 2018-2020, doubling to 35% in 2023-2024. When the sample was divided into three subgroups: no-meal-plan group (n=8), late adopters (adopted 1-4 years ago: n=13) and early adopters (adopted 5+ years ago: n=12), the percentage of offerings had significantly risen among early and late adopters despite remaining low for the no-meal-plan group. While meat-free entrées were commonly available across all the groups, a larger number of variants with partial meat substitution were available among early adopters compared to the other groups. Late adopters reported significantly more barriers to implementation than the other two groups on some measures while the no-meal plan group reported the lack of infrastructure compared to other groups.

Yi, S., Brauer, P., Dias, G., & Duizer, L. (2025). Adding more plant-forward dishes to menus: Findings from a survey of post-secondary campus food services across Canada. Canadian Agri-Food & Rural Advisory, Extension and Education Journal, 1(1).
https://doi.org/10.21083/caree.v1i1.8913

Abstract: The contribution of members of the agri-food system to achieving the Sustainable Development Goals is a key element in the global transition to sustainable development. The use of sustainable management systems supports the development of an integrated approach with a spirit of continuous improvement. Such organization is based on risk-management tools that are applied to multiple stakeholders, e.g., those responsible for product quality, occupational health and safety, and environmental impact, thus enabling better global performance. In this review, the term “ethical food systems” is used in our discussion of the concrete methods that can be used to endorse fairness and concern across the food chain. This comprises safeguarding equitable access to nutritious foods, defending animal welfare, assisting ecologically accountable production, and addressing social and labor justice within supply chains. Ethical factors also include transparency, cultural respect, and intergenerational responsibility. Consequently, the objective of this review is to address how these ethical values can be implemented within a One Health framework, predominantly by assimilating plant-based diets, developing governance tools, and resolving nutritional insecurity. Within the One Health framework, decoding ethical principles into practice necessitates a set of concrete interventions: (i) raising awareness of animal rights; (ii) distributing nutritional and environmental knowledge; (iii) endorsing plant-based food research, commercialization, and consumption; (iv) development of social inclusion and positive recognition of vegan/vegetarian identity. At the same time, it should be noted that this perspective represents only one side of the coin, as many populations continue to consume meat and rely on animal proteins for their nutritional value; thus, the role and benefits of meat and other animal-derived foods must also be recognized and discussed. This operational definition provides a foundation for asking how ethical perspectives can be applied. A case study from Africa shows the implementation of a sustainable and healthy future through the One Health approach.
Hosseini, E., Tsegay, Z. T., Smaoui, S., Elfalleh, W., Antoniadou, M., Varzakas, T., & Caraher, M. (2025). One Health approaches to ethical, secure, and sustainable food systems and ecosystems: Plant-based diets and livestock in the African context. Foods, 15(1).
https://doi.org/10.3390/foods15010085

Abstract: Escalating global population leads to rising demand for food and food crops for human consumption necessitates alternative food source. This exacerbates the need of feed crops for the animals grown for meat, milk and eggs. Microalgae and cyanobacteria render a powerful solution to address these global food issues as they produce higher biomass per unit area in comparison with terrestrial crops. Algae represent a revolutionary bioresource for sustainable animal feed production, offering an exceptional nutritional profile rich in proteins, amino acids, fatty acids and other bioactive compounds. These constituents substantially enhance the overall health and development of the organisms fed with algal biomass as well as their product yield. Furthermore, in order to boost up the biomass productivity and other nutrients to improve the digestibility, advanced cultivation strategies and efficient extraction techniques can be incorporated to substitute the synthetic feed additives. Present review highlights the nutritional profile and its biological value of various microalgae and cyanobacteria. Their applicability as next generation feed ingredients, which can be alternative to the conventional feed for fish, poultry and animal feed in sustainable livestock and aquaculture farming.

Thajuddin, F., Subramanian, D., Rajendran, P. J., Kumar, R. G., Nooruddin, T., & Dharumadurai, D. (2026). Algae as a potential next generation feed ingredients for sustainable, nutritional alternative in livestock and aquaculture farming. Food Bioscience, 75, 108216.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fbio.2025.108216

Abstract: This Faunalytics study explores the ways that development finance institutions, United Nations agencies, and others directly and indirectly support factory farming in low- and middle-income countries. With key insights from people working in and alongside these international organizations, advocates can ensure they are equipped with the most effective outreach strategies.

Wulderk, Z. (2025). Globalizing the factory farm: International organizations and the spread of industrial animal agriculture. Faunalytics. https://faunalytics.org/globalizing-the-factory-farm-international-organizations-and-the-spread-of-industrial-animal-agriculture/ 

Abstract: An increasing number of authors are proposing that we have a moral obligation to conduct large scale systemic interventions into ecosystems to ameliorate wild animal suffering not caused by humans. I will call this position ‘Wild animal suffering interventionism’ (WASI). I will not challenge that WASI is ‘good in theory’ within utilitarian and rights-based animal ethics. I will focus on Delon and Purves’s argument against the justifiability of WASI interventions in the foreseeable future, arguing that it fails. Such interventions are unjustifiable in the foreseeable future but not for the reasons they think. To argue this, I show that Delon and Purves’s argument implies that WASI is ambivalent regarding ecosystem destruction. I also show that WASI has a strong motivation to justify ecological destruction, as wild animals suffering cannot be significantly ameliorated in ecology without destroying the ecosystem. This makes it plausible to propose that some WASI interventions can have a predictable and positive effect on WAS, namely those that intentionally reduce wild animal populations through ecosystem destruction. We would be then placed to govern smaller wild animal populations effectively, significantly reducing wild animals suffering. This means that WASI faces a trade-off between the welfare of present generations of animals and the welfare of future generations of animals. I show why this trade-off is unjustified through McMahan’s population ethics-informed deontic framework. Therefore, WASI interventions, in having to cause ecological destruction, are unjustifiable for the foreseeable future.

Curtin, J. (2026). Wild animal suffering interventionism and ecological destruction. Journal of Agricultural & Environmental Ethics, 39(1), 3.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s10806-025-09968-y

Abstract: The evolution of phenomenal consciousness remains a central challenge in the philosophy of mind and cognitive science. Although many argue that consciousness can be understood as a biological phenomenon, there is considerable disagreement about its origins. Competing theories range from early evolution views, which trace consciousness back to the Cambrian period around 540 million years ago, to latecomer theories, which associate it with complex cognition in mammals or humans. We argue that this divergence stems largely from unresolved debates about how to identify consciousness in extant animals. Which behavioural and neural properties we regard as evidence of consciousness directly impacts how we reconstruct its evolutionary history. These issues carry significant ethical implications for how we treat nonhuman animals. This paper maps the key positions in the debate, analyses their underlying disagreements and explores how evolutionary approaches might move the discussion beyond anthropocentric assumptions towards a more inclusive understanding of animal consciousness.
Wandrey, M., & Halina, M. (2025). The evolution of animal consciousness. Philosophy Compass, 20(12).
https://doi.org/10.1111/phc3.70069

Abstract: The Constitution of Kenya assigns the national and county governments responsibility for “the protection of animals and wildlife” — and this responsibility is shared with a network of animal advocates. Unfortunately, the broad responsibilities have not yet translated into comparable practical legislation or improvements in the material conditions of animals. Kenya experiences large-scale animal suffering with tens of millions of farmed chickens, fish, goats, sheep, and cows raised under relatively poor welfare conditions with weak legal protections. By default, these problems will worsen in the coming years as population and economic growth drive increased demand for animal products. Animal welfare in Kenya remains an under-resourced and overlooked social cause, so it is critical that advocates pioneer the most cost-effective opportunities for impact. This report seeks to identify promising interventions.

Carpendale, M., & Stevenson, B. (2025). Animal advocacy in Kenya: Opportunities for impact. Animal Ask. https://www.animalask.org/post/animal-advocacy-in-kenya-opportunities-for-impact

Abstract: Extreme weather events are creating a new generation of climate activists – people whose homes have flooded, whose communities have been destroyed by storms, and for whom climate change is not an abstract threat. This discussion paper examines whether the climate movement should organise more systematically around these moments of crisis. Drawing on case studies from Vermont, the Philippines, and Spain, we identify common elements of successful campaigns: acting fast while public attention is high, centring affected communities rather than professional activists, using attribution science to connect disasters to specific corporate actors, building coalitions beyond traditional environmentalists, and making concrete demands for accountability. We argue that extreme weather events offer a strategic opportunity to expand the movement’s base and win tangible policy victories – but only if organisers are prepared to act with sensitivity and speed when disasters strike.

Rogers, C., & Muskat, M. (2025). Should the climate movement organise around extreme weather events? Rethink Priorities. https://drive.google.com/file/d/1r4dddSW-iCgJgjNLEUxZiEyMDAr6xP57/view 

Abstract: This survey of 57 movements registered with The Movements Trust shows organisations that have unique advantages in fighting for social change. Compared to existing institutions (such as charities, NGOs), movements are less constrained, more flexible, and better able to focus on depth and substance over numbers. They have an authentic voice, grounded in community and typically led by those with lived experience of the issue they are working on. They fill vital gaps left by existing institutions and can have dramatic impact. Despite these unique advantages, movements have some fundamental challenges to be addressed, especially when it comes to funding.

The Movements Trust, & Social Change Lab. (2025). Small movements, big change. The Movements Trust. https://www.socialchangelab.org/post/new-survey-small-movements-big-change

Abstract: Whether through conventional breeding or new gene editing technologies such as CRISPR-Cas 9, farm animal breeding can impact animal welfare positively or negatively, depending on how breeders design the breeding program. An emphasis on productivity traits has often resulted in detrimental effects on the welfare of various farm animal species. This paper conducts a comparative legal analysis of European Union (EU) and Swiss legislation on biotechnology, animal welfare, and breeding. The paper shows the approaches these two jurisdictions take, highlighting differences and similarities, and offers an overall assessment of how effectively the relevant laws address the welfare concerns identified in the scientific literature. Ethical and philosophical literature also inform the analysis, considering the extent to which the laws align with an ethical animal welfare approach that recognizes animals as sentient beings with intrinsic value whose interests merit consideration and protection. The analysis reveals that both EU primary and secondary laws are weaker overall than Swiss legislation from either perspective. Specifically, EU laws either fail to adequately address the issues identified in the scientific literature, leaving animals vulnerable to potential suffering from breeding, or do not consider animals’ interests meaningfully. The paper concludes by proposing reforms, primarily by incorporating specific Swiss approaches into EU law.

Cimadori, I. (2025). Farm animal welfare in breeding and gene editing: A comparative analysis of European Union and Swiss law. LEOH – Journal of Animal Law, Ethics and One Health. https://leoh.ch/article/view/9753

Abstract: As the global protein demand increases, cell-cultivated meat and seafood may address some key food system challenges linked to conventional agriculture and help feed a growing global population. The policy environment for these products can aid or hinder their entry and success in the market. This article reviews the federal- and state-level regulatory and legislative landscapes for cell-cultivated meat and seafood in the United States (U.S.), creating a catalogue of proposed bills and enacted laws (through October 2025) relevant to these products. We also discuss the potential implications of these legislative actions on the U.S. and global markets. The U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA) and the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) jointly regulate the safety, production, and labeling of cell-cultivated meat, while the FDA alone regulates cell-cultivated seafood. In the absence of formal federal labeling guidance specific to cell-cultivated products, many states have established their own labeling regulations, which are likely to be preempted by federal standards, once released. Additionally, seven states to date have banned the research, production, sale, promotion, and/or distribution of cell-cultivated products, and two have prohibited the use of state funds to support them. This fragmented legislative approach may inhibit interstate and international commerce, confuse consumers, and restrict consumer access once cell-cultivated products are readily available in the U.S. market. This study can serve as a comprehensive resource for policymakers, industry leaders, researchers, and other stakeholders on the policy environment for these products and guide future research.

Consavage Stanley, K., Koivusaari, K., Grieger, K., Wood, A., Jaffe, G., Aimutis, W. R., Wilson, N. L. W., & Shirwaiker, R. A. (2026). Exploring the U.S. regulatory and legislative landscapes for cell-cultivated meat and seafood. Trends in Food Science & Technology, 170, 105527.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tifs.2025.105527

Abstract: While much of the scholarship on CAFOs and industrialized farming has emerged from the United States and the European Union, there remains a gap in analysis of how litigation strategies are deployed in populous low-and middle-income countries (PLMICs). Existing research has documented the environmental, public health, and ethical concerns associated with CAFOs in the Global North, but has often overlooked the distinct legal, socio-cultural, and economic contexts that shape advocacy and litigation efforts in PLMICs. Without this knowledge, policymakers and advocates may lack a comparative evidence base for developing strategies that might prove effective across jurisdictions. This project seeks to fill that gap by examining litigation strategies in four countries: Brazil, India, Mexico, and Zimbabwe. These countries were selected for this research because they represent a mix of regions and are major agricultural producers. Additionally, while each jurisdiction has its own unique challenges, the researchers’ goal was to select a sample of countries representative of the challenges facing PLMICs in balancing economic growth, food security, and animal welfare.

Jaleel, H. (2025). A comparative analysis of litigation strategies in Brazil, India, Mexico and Zimbabwe. Center for Animal Law Studies, Farmed Animal Protection Project. https://law.lclark.edu/live/files/37463-a-comparative-analysis-of-litigation-strategies-in

Abstract: This study examines the impact of sociodemographic factors on the attitudes of EU citizens towards animal welfare and their implications for trade policy. Variations in animal welfare legislation across major commercial blocks create ethical and economic challenges, with the EU implementing stringent standards compared with other countries. Data were drawn from the Special Eurobarometer 533 survey, conducted between the 3rd and 26th March 2023, which employed a multistage, clustered sampling method across all 27 EU Member States, yielding a representative sample of 26,368 respondents. The survey collected detailed information on attitudes toward animal welfare alongside sociodemographic characteristics. The results revealed substantial public support for stricter regulations and informative labelling, with attitudes differing with age (p < 0.001), education (p < 0.001), income (p < 0.001), and political orientation (p < 0.001), according to the multinomial regression applied to each of the independent variables. These results emphasise the importance of these factors in shaping consumer expectations. The findings highlight the need for policymakers to integrate ethical and societal values into trade negotiations, ensuring that policies reflect public concerns, promote fair competition, and encourage higher animal welfare standards internationally. Additionally, understanding the perspectives and motivations of livestock industry stakeholders remains critical for implementing effective welfare strategies. By aligning EU trade policy with citizen values and stakeholder practices, it is possible to advance animal welfare globally while balancing economic and ethical considerations and promoting a fair trade.

Mata, F., Marques, R., Almeida, J. M., Araujo, J., Baptista, N., Paixao, G., & Cerqueira, J. (2025). Sociodemographic factors associated with EU citizens’ attitudes toward animal welfare standards in external trade. Journal of King Abdulaziz University-Science, 8(1), 3.
https://doi.org/10.3390/sci8010003

Abstract: Despite growing support for the need to consider human, animal, and environmental health when making policy decisions, neither animal health nor animal welfare are mentioned explicitly in the 17 Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) that make up the 2030 Agenda. This new report, produced by Stockholm Environment Institute (SEI) and CEAP and released on December 8 2025, calls for greater consideration for animals in the 2030 Agenda and other global development frameworks. The SDGs remain incomplete without inclusion of animal health and welfare, overlooking many opportunities for policy synergies. The report also presents three complementary pathways for integrating animal health and welfare into the 2030 Agenda and beyond: (1) Considering animal health and welfare in current SDG implementation, (2) Introducing new targets and indicators aligned with existing Goals, and (3) Establishing a dedicated Goal on animal health and welfare.

Verkuijl, C., Sebo, J., Minelli, A., & Browne, K. (2025). Integrating animal health and welfare into the 2030 agenda and beyond. Center for Environmental and Animal Protection. https://enviroanimal.org/integrating-animal-health/

Abstract: This article investigates how Chinese non-governmental organisations (NGOs) strategically mobilize environmental public interest litigation (EPIL) to advance animal protection in a legal system that is deeply anthropocentric and lacks dedicated animal welfare legislation. Drawing on a series of landmark cases, this study identifies key advocacy strategies that frame animal protection in terms of biodiversity and ecosystem services; public health and biosecurity; and wildlife-related intermediary obligations. These frames allow NGOs to translate animal welfare claims into legally justifiable and administratively actionable harms, by aligning with state priorities such as ecological civilization, sustainable development, and public health. The study finds that finding that EPIL, when coupled with strategic framing, can operate as both a legal remedy, as well as expressive governance that helps to gradually expand the legal and moral imagination for nonhuman interests. Meanwhile, however, these framings also risk reinforcing the marginalization of animals whose protection cannot be fully justified through human-centred rationales.

Xia, Y. (2025). Strategic anthropocentrism: Framing animal protection in China’s public interest litigation. Journal of Environmental Law. https://academic.oup.com/jel/advance-article/doi/10.1093/jel/eqaf036/8362837