ProVeg International

How ProVeg Performs on Our Criteria

Criterion #1: The Charity Has Concrete Room for More Funding and Plans for Growth

ProVeg has expanded substantially within Germany in the past several years. Both their budget and the size of their staff have grown fairly steadily since 2011. From 2013 to 2014 and 2014 to 2015, they had budget increases of around $400,000 each year. Since we haven’t reviewed them before, we have some limitations in understanding which programs have been expanded, but we think that ProVeg has largely been able to use funds to grow programs that perform well, rather than expanding into areas they expect to be less useful. For example, they have significantly increased the number of VeggieWorld fairs they hold in different cities, and they expect to continue expanding that program in coming years.

ProVeg is now looking to expand internationally by changing their brand to ProVeg, a more understandable name across languages, and extending what they see as their highest-impact programs to the United Kingdom, France, Spain, and Poland. They’re currently working on preparing a body of content in all the languages they will need for this expansion, and in 2017 intend to start building a presence in each of these countries through social media, media, VeggieWorld fairs, and possibly corporate outreach and additional community building.

We think that expanding to four new countries simultaneously is an ambitious goal for an organization which has previously been primarily active in one country, albeit with some international work in labeling, institutional outreach, and event planning. ProVeg has some advantages in this work, such as their cooperation with the Center for Effective Vegan Advocacy, which has some additional international contacts, and their choice to expand programs they’ve already optimized for Germany, and in some cases have tried in other countries. We think that they can likely handle the basic expansion that they have planned. However, we think that some of ProVeg’s plans for what they could accomplish with a much larger increase in funding than they’ve had in past years, such as expanding to even more countries or building staff in new countries very quickly, may be overly optimistic. If they do expand to more countries, they plan to do so by merging with existing organizations in those countries, which seems strategically wise.

We think that ProVeg could use an increase in funding of at least $500,000 to $1 million in the next year, primarily to fund their planned international expansion. Since we can’t predict exactly how any organization will respond upon receiving more funds than they have planned for, this estimate is speculative, not definitive. We could imagine a group running out of room for funding more quickly than we expect, or coming up with good ways to use funding beyond what we have suggested. Our estimates are indicators of the point at which we would want to check in with a group to ensure that they have used the funds they’ve received and are still able to absorb additional funding.

Criterion #2: A Back-of-the-Envelope Calculation Finds the Charity is Cost-Effective

ProVeg runs several programs; we estimate cost-effectiveness separately for each program, then combine our estimates to give a composite estimate of their overall impact. Note that all estimates factor in associated supporting costs including administrative and fundraising costs. Where we give estimates as ranges, they represent our 90% subjective confidence intervals; that is, we expect the true value to be within the range given in 90% of cases.¹ We think this quantitative perspective is a useful component of our overall evaluation, but the estimates of equivalent animals spared per dollar should not be taken as our overall opinion of the charity’s effectiveness, especially given that we choose not to account for some less easily quantified forms of impact in this section, leaving them for our qualitative evaluation.

Events and Community Building

We estimate that in 2015 ProVeg spent 28% of their budget, or around $463,000, on events and community building. This includes their support of local community groups in projects like leafleting and film screenings, publications that help make veganism and vegetarianism build a mainstream presence in Germany, their participation in Veganes Sommerfest Berlin, and organizing four VeggieWorld fairs.

Corporate Outreach and Labeling

We estimate that in 2015 ProVeg spent 26% of their budget, or around $429,000, on corporate outreach and labeling of vegan and vegetarian projects. This includes supporting and advising companies in adding vegan and vegetarian options or reformulating existing products to be vegetarian, benchmarking programs to encourage progress within an industry, and the V-Label program, which is a self-supporting project licensing companies to use a standard label to indicate when a product is vegan or vegetarian.

Institutional Outreach

We estimate that in 2015 ProVeg spent 17% of their budget, or around $289,000, on institutional outreach to encourage meat reduction and to help the medical community better support vegans and vegetarians. The meat reduction outreach includes trainings for chefs and caterers, and in 2016 expanded to include programs directly targeting school kitchens. The outreach to the medical community includes the VegMed medical congress as well as work with the insurance industry in Germany to improve access to information about plant-based diets as preventive medical care.

Lobbying and Legal Work

We estimate in 2015 that ProVeg spent 14% of their budget, or around $231,000, on lobbying and legal work. This includes a wide variety of efforts, such as lobbying for animal agriculture reduction as part of plans to combat climate change, lobbying for legally binding definitions of the terms vegan and vegetarian, lobbying to ensure plant-based products can be sold using terms that traditionally refer to meat (e.g. sausage), and holding an international law symposium on vegan rights, such as the right to be provided plant-based meals by food services associated with public institutions.

Media

We estimate that in 2015 ProVeg spent 14% of their budget, or around $222,000, on media engagement. This includes issuing press releases and positioning themselves as an authority on veganism and vegetarianism in traditional media in Germany. In 2015, we estimate that content related to ProVeg got between 10 million and 200 million views through the media.

Social Media

We estimate that in 2015 ProVeg spent 3% of their budget, or around $45,000, on social media, including their newsletter and Facebook page. We estimate that this year the videos they share on Facebook will get between 600,000 and 750,000 unique views to 95% of the video length. This gives us a cost of between $0.06 and $0.08 per video view to 95%. However, we note that people also engage with ProVeg’s posts in other ways, so the cost per engagement is lower. Throughout 2015, ProVeg had between 80,000 and 100,000 active subscribers to their newsletter. This metric doesn’t directly figure into our cost-effectiveness calculations because the subscribers are already accounted for in the figures of people reached by ProVeg’s outreach.

All Activities Combined

To combine these estimates into one overall cost-effectiveness estimate, we need to translate them into comparable units. This will introduce several sources for errors and imprecision, so the resulting estimate should not be taken literally. However, it will provide information about whether ProVeg’s efforts are comparable in efficiency to other charities’.

We use our impact calculator for leafleting and online ads to find that ProVeg spares between 0.2 and 2 animals from life on a farm per dollar spent on events and community building.² We exclude many impacts of ProVeg’s events, most notably VeggieWorld fairs, because we lack information about their short-term effects. We use a separate impact calculator for social media to find that ProVeg spares between 0.3 and 5 animals per dollar spent on social media and media programs.³

We use ProVeg’s estimate of the number of meals affected yearly by caterer training, together with our estimate for the number of animals spared by one person avoiding meat for a year, to estimate that ProVeg spares between 0.04 and 2 animals per dollar spent on institutional outreach. This excludes the results of ProVeg’s outreach to teaching facilities for chefs and to the medical community, which we expect to be mostly longer-term. Similarly, we use our own estimates for the number of meals affected yearly by corporate policies influence by ProVeg and our estimate for the number of animals spared by one person avoiding meat for a year, to estimate that ProVeg spares between 0.01 and 2 animals per dollar spent on corporate outreach and labeling.

We exclude results of lobbying and legal work from our final cost-effectiveness estimates and don’t attempt to convert them into an equivalent animals spared figure; it is too difficult to disentangle ProVeg’s effects from those of other advocacy groups. For ProVeg’s work in this area, it is also very difficult to to confidently estimate any short-term impacts on animal suffering. We also exclude the results of ProVeg’s media work from our final cost-effectiveness estimates and don’t attempt to convert them into an equivalent animals spared figure. ProVeg tells us that their media work is intended to help normalize vegetarianism and veganism; while we understand how it would have these effects in the long-term, we don’t have a good framework for understanding how much short-term change their style of media work would create.

We weight our estimates by the proportion of funding ProVeg spends on each activity to estimate that in the short-term, ProVeg spares between 0.2 and 1 animals per dollar spent. We have also run parallel calculations to estimate that this means ProVeg spares animals between 0.07 and 0.3 years of suffering on farms per dollar spent.⁴ Because of extreme uncertainty even about the strongest parts of our calculations, there is currently limited value in further elaborating these estimates. Instead, we give weight to our other criteria. We also exclude more indirect or long-term impacts from this estimate, which could result in it being an underestimate of overall impact. Because charities have varying proportions of different types of impact, this makes our quantitative estimates particularly difficult to use to compare charities. In particular, we think that ProVeg’s relatively large focus on “influencing the influencers” through programs like outreach to the meat industry and to the medical community means that our choice to exclude long-term impact might lead us to underestimate ProVeg’s cost-effectiveness more than it leads us to underestimate the cost-effectiveness of other groups.

Criterion #3: The Charity is Working on Things That Seem to Have High Mission Effectiveness

Online and Grassroots Outreach

ProVeg conducts online and grassroots outreach in order to change individuals’ attitudes towards farmed animals. Inspiring individual consumers to make animal-friendly changes affects animals by reducing the demand for animal products. Increasing the number of vegans and vegetarians could also lead to greater support for new animal-friendly policies, such as the institutional adoption of plant-based products. We think that outreach targeted to individual consumers might even be a necessary precursor to more institutional change.

Still, the impact of grassroots outreach seems limited relative to the impact of other interventions. Even if viewers and readers make individual changes, they might not influence many others to do the same. By comparison, a change in corporate policy or the law can influence many people’s behavior and might have a greater indirect impact on social norms and the growth of the animal protection movement.

Corporate Outreach

Corporate outreach seems to have high mission effectiveness because it involves convincing a few powerful people to make decisions that influence the lives of millions of animals. This seems likely to be easier than reaching and persuading millions of consumers in order to accomplish the same goal. Whereas many animal charities conduct corporate outreach to achieve small welfare improvements for animals, ProVeg focuses on convincing companies to replace animal products with plant-based products. We expect the impact of such work to be variable in magnitude.

Lobbying and Legal Work

While it is important to create a public demand for change by targeting outreach towards consumers, the best way to ensure lasting change may be to enshrine legal protections for animals in the law. ProVeg lobbies for the liberal regulation of plant-based foods and for the promotion of other vegan and vegetarian interests, such as the right to vegan meals in public institutions.

Training Food Service Professionals

ProVeg trains chefs to prepare vegan food, which may create change by encouraging the chefs to serve less meat, but we have little information about the magnitude of the change. To our knowledge, there is little evidence available about precisely how much chefs change their practices as a result of the trainings or the length of time for which they maintain those changes.

Vegan Food Labeling

ProVeg administers the V-Label, a certification of vegetarian and vegan products in Europe. Food labeling does not seem to be an especially high-impact intervention, but there are at least three small ways in which it might benefit animals. First, it might promote animal-friendly diets by reminding consumers that vegetarian and vegan products are available. Second, it might improve vegetarian retention by making it easier for current vegetarians to identify vegetarian products. Third, it might encourage food companies to work with ProVeg and remove unnecessary animal products from their merchandise in order to earn the certification. It’s possible that food labeling could also have a small negative effect, perhaps by deterring omnivores from buying vegetarian or vegan products. We expect the effects of the V-Label to be small, but net-positive.⁵

Criterion #4: The Charity Possesses a Robust and Agile Understanding of Success and Failure

ProVeg seems to possess a strong understanding of success and failure.

In order to maximize their impact, ProVeg works to “influence the influencers.” In addition to conducting grassroots outreach aimed at convincing individuals to change their diets, they work with people and organizations that are able to implement more impactful changes. For instance, they have worked with leaders in the meat industry, catering industry, and medical establishment.⁶

ProVeg regularly conducts research on the effectiveness of (a) their approaches, and (b) the implementation of their approaches. They’ve conducted more than ten surveys in the past year, including a survey to gauge participants’ attitudes towards the VegMed conference and a survey to evaluate their online “vegan kickstart” program.⁷ We are not equipped to evaluate the quality of ProVeg’s surveys because most of them are not available in English.⁸

ProVeg sometimes changes direction based on new evidence about their audience. For instance, they held a small focus group to evaluate their Vegan Times newsletter. They concluded that arguments in favor of veganism are relatively unpersuasive; now, they focus on explaining how to go vegan.⁹ Similarly, when they learned that many Germans avoid vegetarian or vegan diets due to health concerns, they organized a biannual conference on vegetarian nutrition and medicine in collaboration with a large teaching hospital called Charité.¹⁰

ProVeg has a history of discontinuing programs that seem ineffective and redirecting their resources elsewhere. For example, their “Thursday is Veggie Day” campaign saw success for a few years, but became the subject of media backlash after Germany’s Green Party publicly endorsed it in 2012. ProVeg has since replaced it with a “Plant Power” campaign. In 2010, ProVeg developed a website for kids and teenagers, but they closed it to focus on other projects when it didn’t meet their outreach goals. Similarly, ProVeg has cut many of their offline outreach projects, like leaflets and restaurant guides, when they’ve found more cost-effective alternatives.¹¹

In order to raise public awareness of animal welfare, ProVeg conducts media outreach. They write 80-100 press releases each year and have become a contact for many media organizations who need information about animal welfare. One way that ProVeg tracks their success in this area is by tallying the number of times they are mentioned in German print media each quarter. The number of mentions has quadrupled over the past five years.¹²

ProVeg seems willing to try new and innovative programs, especially if they are revenue-generating and at least partially self-funding. For example, they worked with a company called Sante to develop a Vitamin B12-fortified toothpaste for vegans.¹³

In order to improve the efficiency of the animal protection movement in Germany, ProVeg has worked to fill “important niches.”¹⁴ For example, they promote the health benefits of plant-based diets; they promote the development of plant-based products; they train food service professionals; and they conduct grassroots outreach.¹⁵

Criterion #5: The Charity Possesses a Strong Track Record of Success

Have programs been well executed?

ProVeg has a strong record of achievements in Germany, the country in which they were founded.

They are a member of the Climate Alliance Germany, a coalition of more than 110 organizations that makes recommendations to the German Government for climate action. Recently, ProVeg drafted the section on nutrition for the alliance’s Climate Action Plan 2050. They recommended that Germany’s animal agriculture industry should be reduced by 50% by 2050. The rest of the alliance supported ProVeg’s suggestion and it is now their official recommendation to the German government.¹⁶ ProVeg was also invited to speak at the European Parliament about the connection between animal agriculture and climate change,¹⁷ and they have been involved in planning the German government’s implementation of the Paris Agreement.¹⁸

ProVeg has seen some success in their work to obtain animal-friendly commitments from corporations and to reduce the amount of meat served in hospitals, schools, and other institutions. They’ve worked with supermarkets other food retailers to improve the availability of vegetarian and vegan products and they’ve worked with food manufactures to remove animal products from their merchandise and to clearly label their vegan products.

ProVeg works with vegan startups and meat companies to help them develop plant-based products. CEO Sebastian Joy was recently invited to speak at the German Meat Congress, where he presented an argument that producing plant-based products is in the best interest of meat companies. ProVeg worked with Rügenwalder, a German meat company, to develop a line of plant-based meats. Rügenwalder has now invested 44 million euros in the marketing of their new meat-free products.¹⁹

ProVeg has successfully organized a number of vegan fairs and events in Europe. In addition to VegMed, they organize a series of VeggieWorld fairs. In 2016, they held five VeggieWorld fairs in different German cities and expanded to Switzerland, the Netherlands, and France. They also collaborated with the Albert Schweitzer Foundation and Berlin Vegan to organize Veganes Sommerfest Berlin, the largest vegan summer festival in Europe.

ProVeg is planning to expand internationally under the name “ProVeg.” While we feel that ProVeg has a strong track record in Germany, it is important to consider that they have very limited records of success in the countries they are expanding to. We understand that VeggieWorld Paris was a success,²⁰ but overall they have very little experience working in France, Spain, Poland, or the U.K. We are encouraged that ProVeg strategically chose to expand to countries that are “geographically and culturally close to Germany,”²¹ and that they are hiring residents of each country who, having worked for pro-veg organizations previously, have local knowledge and connections.

Have programs led to change for animals?

It is difficult to measure the impact that ProVeg’s institutional outreach has had for animals. We believe that influencing influencers is likely a high-impact strategy, but we are uncertain of the actual change that has resulted from ProVeg’s recent work to influence the German government and the meat industry.

We suspect that the short-term impact of ProVeg’s corporate achievements has been variable in magnitude. Working with institutions to replace meat-containing meals with meat-free meals can help reduce the demand for animal products and, thus, the number of animals used and killed for food. However, much of ProVeg’s corporate work involves working with companies to label and market their existing animal-free products. This work might benefit animals in the long run (e.g. by normalizing veganism or making it easier to adhere to a vegan diet), but it does not seem likely to significantly benefit animals in the short term.

It is always difficult to evaluate the impact of grassroots outreach, like ProVeg’s VeggieWorld fairs and online campaigns. Individual behavioral changes are very difficult to measure and track. The available evidence is enough to be suggestive that ProVeg has had a positive effect, but it is not enough to determine the magnitude of that effect with confidence.²²

Criterion #6: The Charity Has Strong Leadership and Long-Term Strategy

Leadership

ProVeg is led by Sebastian Joy, who has served as CEO since 2008. There are also three department heads and a part-time, unpaid President who help with decision-making. Our impression is that Joy is a capable leader and public figure, although it is more difficult for us to evaluate his public presence because much of the coverage is in German. Joy holds a master’s degree in nonprofit management and lectures on business planning and management in nonprofit-organizations, indicating expertise in his work and a broader understanding of nonprofit management beyond the animal movement.

ProVeg has a Board of Directors with eight members, elected every two years. The board includes a diverse set of experiences and skillsets, including those of Joy, the CEO. While it is common and reasonable to have the CEO of an organization also on the board, it can be concerning because we want to ensure the organization is flexible and incorporates diverse perspectives. Because we consider Joy to be particularly open-minded and self-critical, this is less of a concern.

Long-Term Strategy

ProVeg is working to promote veganism and reduce the consumption of animal products. We support this approach because we consider farmed animal protection to be the most promising area for doing the most good for animals. At ACE, we prioritize the welfare of sentient beings over the value of insentient entities like the environment, and we think the suffering of farmed animals represents a strong moral priority, even though human health is also important. ProVeg gives significant weight to each of these areas: animal suffering, human health, and environmental concerns, as well as sustainability—the ability to feed a growing human population. However, because ProVeg is only focused on promoting plant-based eating, and not on reducing consumption of specific animal products, this is less likely to cause differences in strategy. For example, we would be concerned if ProVeg focused on reducing consumption of beef specifically, because even though this might have the most impact on reducing greenhouse gas emissions, chicken and fish consumption are probably more important from an animal advocacy perspective.

ProVeg has numerous strategic documents and presentations, both for ProVeg in Germany and for their expansion with ProVeg. We think this emphasis on strategy is evidence of effectiveness, although we might be concerned by a potential excess of strategizing, which could be facing diminishing marginal returns.

ProVeg currently serves as the main promoter of veganism and plant-based eating in Germany,²³ and they are currently working to extend their reach to many other countries. Inspiring individual consumers to make changes has a direct impact on animals by reducing production, but can also help grow the movement to create further change. In particular, having a large number of vegans and vegetarians could mean more support for new animal-friendly policies, such as the institutional adoption of plant-based products. Because ProVeg takes both an individual and institutional approach, they likely can be particularly effective at using consumer demand to drive institutional policy change with less of a need for other charities to do so.

Criterion #7: The Charity Has a Healthy Culture and Sustainable Structure

ProVeg receives a substantial amount of its income from program revenue (33%), such as their V-Label program, and public grants (9%) with 58% coming from donations and membership fees. Since donations are less reliable, these other sources of income indicate greater financial stability than most charities we have reviewed. We consider each of these income sources to be more reliable than one-off donations. ProVeg has maintained a consistent and growing income over the past several years without any fluctuations that might indicate financial instability.

ProVeg has existed since 1892 and has not drifted far from their original values and strategies. Their current President has been in his position since 1996, and ProVeg has several decades of organizational stability. They have strong internal documentation, including detailed written procedures for hiring and onboarding new staff.

For transparency, ProVeg sends out a quarterly magazine to its supporters with details of their achievements and strategy. ProVeg cooperated fully with our questions during the evaluation process.

ProVeg frequently works with other charities such as Beyond Carnism, the Albert Schweitzer Foundation, Greenpeace, Foodwatch (a consumer protection organization in Germany), and Deutsches Tierschutzbüro. They meet informally with Animal Equality Germany and are in contact with Nick Cooney of Mercy For Animals, Bruce Friedrich from The Good Food Institute, and many other leaders of the international animal advocacy movement. For example, ProVeg, the Albert Schweitzer Foundation, and Berlin Vegan organize the largest vegan summer festival in Europe: Veganes Sommerfest Berlin. In August 2016, there were approximately 60,000 participants. ProVeg also engages with the effective altruism community. For example, they lend office space to the local Berlin group and regularly attend EA conferences.

Criticism/FAQ

Why does a significant portion of ProVeg’s outreach focus on dietary change, e.g. reducing meat consumption, rather than directly shifting public attitudes?

Critics argue that a strong focus on dietary change isn’t supported by historical examples or other empirical evidence.^{24, 25, 26} Some argue that successful social movements have focused their rhetoric on the institution they opposed rather than on individual behavior supporting that institution.²⁷ Critics also believe it is difficult to build a mass movement when the perceived criteria for acceptance in the movement is a lifestyle change, and that a consumer focus provokes less moral outrage than focusing on the institution, thus missing an important driver of activism and subsequent social change.

Some charities feel that a focus on dietary change in certain programs, such as leafleting, is more likely than other approaches to lead to immediate behavior change that directly spares animals. If people simply change their attitudes with respect to farmed animals, that might not lead to actual impact for animals. After all, many people currently care about animals, but relatively few are vegetarian or vegan.²⁸ It might actually be easier to change individuals’ attitudes after convincing them to change their diets, since they will no longer need to reconcile their compassion towards farmed animals with eating them.

In general, however, ProVeg’s approach seems more focused on incremental change than on building a mass movement, which may be the real underlying difference between the two sides.

ProVeg focuses on the promotion of veg diets over other ways to help farmed animals, like humane reforms. Do they worry that this means they’re missing out on high-impact campaigns and the ability to build useful connections with food companies?

Critics of ProVeg could argue that many of the most visible and successful animal advocacy campaigns that have involved working with influencers like corporations and government have had goals of humane reform, such as the elimination of battery cages. Since ProVeg emphasizes working with these same groups of influencers, they might have more impact if they promoted animal welfare reform in addition to veg diets and the creation of plant-based options.

ProVeg says that while humane reform campaigns have some benefits, there are already many charities working on them. Additionally, there is a risk that working on humane reform promotes the idea that consuming higher-welfare animal products is morally acceptable. ProVeg feels that the role for them which best supports the animal advocacy movement is their current role, reducing the overall consumption of animal products as much as possible in order to reduce the number of animals affected by any farming practices.

In the animal advocacy movement overall, we have seen more success on corporate campaigns calling for welfare reforms than on corporate campaigns calling for additional plant-based options to be introduced. This is true even in Germany, where two strong organizations, ProVeg and the Albert Schweitzer Foundation, have had corporate outreach programs addressing the creation of plant-based options for several years. However, ProVeg’s corporate outreach seems to be among the most successful programs in the movement for encouraging the creation of plant-based options, and may be the most successful such program. It seems probable that maintaining and growing this program will be more beneficial in the long-term than it would be for ProVeg to switch focus to something which other groups are already doing successfully.

Some would argue that the development of animal-free foods will be the key turning point for ending animal farming. What role does ProVeg play in facilitating these technologies?

ProVeg promotes the development and marketing of plant-based foods in their work with businesses. For example, their work with one of Germany’s largest meat producers has led them both to strengthen their line of plant-based meats and to spend millions of Euros advertising them.²⁹ They have also supported vegan start-ups and new businesses, including cafés, nutrition consulting services, and supermarkets.³⁰ ProVeg’s lobbying department also focuses on making sure the legal climate is as favorable as possible for plant-based foods.³¹

ProVeg helps consumers find and try new plant-based foods through their consumer events and through their V-Label program. Their VeggieWorld fairs provide an opportunity for consumers to try new products from many producers in one location.³² The V-Label program provides a clear indicator showing which products are vegetarian or vegan during normal shopping.³³

All of ProVeg’s work in these areas so far has involved plant-based foods, but we expect that as cultured meat, dairy, and eggs become available, ProVeg will encourage their use.

1. The method we use does calculations using Monte Carlo sampling. This means that results can vary slightly based on the sample drawn. Unless otherwise noted, we have run the calculations five times and rounded to the point needed to provide consistent results. For instance, if sometimes a value appears as 28 and sometimes it appears as 29, our review gives it as 30. 

2. From our five computations, the ranges were: 0.23 to 1.9, 0.27 to 1.9, 0.24 to 2, 0.23 to 1.9, and 0.25 to 1.9. 

3. From our five computations, the ranges were: 0.27 to 5.5, 0.26 to 5.1, 0.25 to 6.2, 0.25 to 4.9, and 0.26 to 6. 

4. From our five computations, the ranges were: 0.064 to 0.28, 0.065 to 0.28, 0.065 to 0.29, 0.066 to 0.28, and 0.068 to 0.29. 

5. Kristin Höhlig, currently a campaign manager for ProVeg, conducted a study on the effects of the V-Label in 2014, when she was in graduate school. She found that the majority of the study’s 293 participants would purchase known or unknown products either because of or in spite of the V-Label, and just 5% or 4% (respectively) would refrain from purchasing known or unknown products because of the V-Label. The study was translated for us in a private correspondence with ProVeg on November 18, 2016. 

6. “[ProVeg has] a strong track record of influencing the influencers, opinion and market leaders, in each industry, like the Compass Group, Charité Hospital, and BioFach.”—Conversation with Sebastian Joy (September 28, 2016). 

7. These examples, among others, were communicated to us in a private email correspondence with Sebastian Joy on November 3, 2016. 

8. Some ProVeg staff coauthored a peer-reviewed publication about the personality profiles of vegetarians and vegans. It is available in English and might be of interest to some of our readers, but it does not seem to be an example of a survey intended to evaluate the effectiveness of ProVeg’s work. 

9. ProVeg Report (2016), page 120. 

10. “Studies have shown that many Germans cite health concerns as a reason for not shifting towards a plant-based diet. To address these concerns, ProVeg organizes a biannual conference called ‘VegMed’ together with Charité, Germany’s leading medical research institution.”—Conversation with Sebastian Joy (September 28, 2016). 

11. “ProVeg Report (2016), page 119. 

12. ProVeg was mentioned just over 100 times in German print media in the second quarter of 2011 and over 400 times in the first quarter of 2016 —ProVeg Report (2016), page 30. 

13. In a study to test the effects of the toothpaste, participants who used the toothpaste had nearly a 50% increase in their median serum B12 levels and participants who used a placebo had a 22% drop, according to New Atlas. 

14. ProVeg Report (2016), page 25. 

15. ProVeg Report (2016), pages 26–27. 

16. “ProVeg drafted the section on nutrition for the alliance’s Climate Action Plan 2050, recommending that German animal agriculture be reduced by 50% by 2050. This is now the official recommendation to the German government, which all members of the alliance support.”—Conversation with Sebastian Joy (September 28, 2016). 

17. “ProVeg has been invited to speak at the European Parliament on the positive impact of a vegan diet on climate change.”—Conversation with Sebastian Joy (September 28, 2016). 

18. ProVeg Report (2016), page 61. 

19. For more information, see this article about Rügenwalder’s new vegetarian products (in German). 

20. “In 2016, VeggieWorld Paris was booked and attracted a lot of media attention; another one will be held this year.”—Conversation with Sebastian Joy (September 28, 2016). 

21. “[ProVeg] chose to expand to Spain, France, Poland, and the UK after analyzing 40 countries in detail. In a first step, they expand to countries in Europe that are geographically and culturally close to Germany.”—Conversation with Sebastian Joy (September 28, 2016). 

22. For instance, our own study on leafleting showed some effects, as did a study carried out by The Humane League and Farm Sanctuary. The Humane League and FARM have each found some effects of showing videos. However, we emphasize that this evidence is far from conclusive (for example, many of these studies effectively lacked control groups) and in fact there is some similarly weak evidence in the other direction. For instance, there was a study from The Humane League that was designed to compare the effectiveness of various leaflets; they found that, of the nine groups compared in their study, the group which received no leaflet experienced the most dietary change. MFA recently conducted a study of online ads and found that participants in the treatment group reported consuming 3% more servings of animal products than those in the control group. This difference lacked statistical significance. 

23. The Albert Schweitzer Foundation, another German charity we have reviewed, also has a substantial presence in German media. However, our impression from German colleagues is that ASF is more known for their work on humane reforms. 

24. “In any event, consumer action alone is unlikely to constitute the sole, or even the greatest, response to the animal welfare issue.”—Anderson, J. (January 1, 2011). “Protection for the Powerless: Political Economy History Lessons for the Animal Welfare Movement“. 

25. “Moreover, the movement’s focus on mass consumer dietary change has little historical or empirical basis, despite being our movement’s main strategy.”—Burns, B. “Why Beyonce Going Vegan is Bad for Animals“. 

26. “Most abolitionists did not see the free produce movement as being vital to the cause. A few dedicated proponents were able to stay completely away from slave goods but a number of other abolitionists endorsed the concept only when convenient. Many more ignored the issue altogether. The movement never grew large enough to gain the benefit of the economies of scale, and the cost of ‘free produce’ was always higher than competing goods. Though William Lloyd Garrison in Boston, founder of the American Anti-Slavery Society, initially proclaimed at a convention in 1840 that his wool suit was made without slave labor, he later examined the results of the movement and criticized it as an ineffective method to fight slavery, and as a distraction from more important work.”—Wikipedia entry on the free produce movement, a relatively well-studied historical example of a movement focused on individual changes in consumption. 

27. Jacy Reese mentions the example of the anti-slavery movement that, from its beginnings, focused on its opposition of slavery as an institution. “From its inception, however, the [anti-slavery] activists focused on a radical call for complete abolition, rather than incremental reform for slaves or individually changing the behavior of slave-owners or consumers of slave-produced goods.” -Reese, J. (July 14, 2015). Confrontation, Consumer Action, and Triggering Events. 

28. A Gallup poll conducted in the U.S. in 2015 found that 32% of respondents supported animals having the same rights as people, while an additional 62% said they should have some protection. But the best estimates for the percentage of Americans who are vegetarian are much lower, around 2%. 

29. “Since ProVeg started working with the “Rügenwalder Mühle,” one of Germany’s biggest meat producers, the company has spent 44 million euros on advertisements for their meat-free products.” —Conversation with Sebastian Joy (September 28, 2016). 

30. “Since 2012, ProVeg has supported vegan start-ups by holding workshops for people who want to start vegan businesses or offer vegan services. As a result, cafés, shoe shops, and restaurants were opened, nutrition consulting services were started, vegan shoelaces were developed, and cookbooks were published. Veganz, now Europe’s largest all vegan supermarket chain, was one company that ProVeg supported in its early stages.” —Conversation with Sebastian Joy (September 28, 2016). 

31. “ProVeg’s lobbying department makes sure that the legal situation for animal-free foods becomes more favorable and facilitates the further development (official denomination of animal-free foods, labeling, taxation, etc.).”—Conversation with Sebastian Joy (September 28, 2016). 

32. “VeggieWorld is, to ProVeg’s best knowledge, the largest vegan fair in the world. It is a platform for producers to present and sell their latest and greatest products and for consumers to taste the latest trends ahead of time.”—Conversation with Sebastian Joy (September 28, 2016). 

33. “The V-Label certifies food products as vegan or vegetarian, so that consumers can make informed choices. In Germany alone, over 5000 products of over 400 different companies are currently labelled with the V-Label.”—Conversation with Sebastian Joy (September 28, 2016).