April 2026
Browse Studies By Topic
Alternatives to animal products
Cellular agriculture in Asia: Exploring its status, scope and challenges in a diverse multi-ethno-religious context
Abstract:
Cellular agriculture is a promising solution for sustainability, food security, and animal welfare. As it shifts traditional food systems, aligning innovation with religious traditions is crucial for culturally sensitive progress. Asia’s diverse region has deep religious pluralism and food ethics focused on process and species.
This review examines how major Asian religious traditions—such as Islam, Hinduism, Buddhism, Jainism, Sikhism, Christianity, Judaism, Confucianism, Taoism, Shintoism, and Zoroastrianism—may influence the ethical acceptability, governance, and social acknowledgment of cellular foods. Ethical acceptance in Asian contexts relies on doctrines of non-violence, purity, intention, legality, and moral standing, not just safety or sustainability metrics.
Using theological, sociological, and regulatory literature, we show that animal-cell-based foods face unique ethical challenges compared to plant- and microbe-based foods, with production processes often carrying more weight than the final product. Key factors—cell source, slaughter equivalence, media composition, and transparency—strengthened by AI, not only improve supply chain integrity but also affect religious acceptance and consumer choice. Cellular foods are likely to face fewer ethical hurdles in traditions like Sikhism, Christianity, Confucianism, Shintoism, and Zoroastrianism, which tend to have fewer dietary restrictions and may foster greater acceptance. In contrast, more prescriptive frameworks found in Hinduism, Islam, Judaism, and certain interpretations of Taoism may present more challenges. Overall, we emphasize the importance of culturally responsive design and process-based regulatory frameworks that reflect Asia’s diverse religious landscape to promote broader acceptance of cellular foods.
Gill, K., & Husaini, A. M. (2026). Cellular agriculture in Asia: Exploring its status, scope and challenges in a diverse multi-ethno-religious context. Trends in Food Science & Technology, 172, 105726. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tifs.2026.105726
Cellular agriculture in the media: Newspaper coverage in Australia, Brazil, Germany, and India
Abstract:
Cellular agriculture (CellAg) emerges as a technology aiming to address critical issues within the food system by offering an alternative to conventional meat. The dissemination of information about it to non-scientific communities faces challenges regarding the translation of complex technical developments, with the public reliant on the coverage from media outlets. We developed a collaborative approach to contribute to this discussion, focusing on four cases: Brazil, India, Australia, and Germany. Newspapers from these countries were analyzed using a qualitative content analysis and a subsequent joint interpretation. A major finding was the striking similarity in the main topics covered by the media in the studied countries. In addition, a large proportion of newspaper articles adopted a positive and market-oriented perspective. Germany stands out for its emphasis on research and development news. Australia is characterized by its focus on market and consumption elements. India is notable for its prioritization of food security. Brazil highlights market factors and brings to light concerns about market barriers. The results deserve further studies as they reveal that societies across geographical areas are receiving mostly superficial positive news instead of perspectives with higher-quality analyses of all impacts that may occur.
Buhr Voth, B., Rothe, P., Morais-da-Silva, R. L., Hase Ueta, M., Meyer, F., & Molento, C. F. M. (2026). Cellular agriculture in the media: Newspaper coverage in Australia, Brazil, Germany, and India. Geographica Helvetica, 81(2), 255–271. https://doi.org/10.5194/gh-81-255-2026
Consumer health perceptions of cows’ milk and plant‐based milk alternatives
Abstract:
This study used a best-worst scale experiment to reveal consumers’ beliefs about the healthiness of selected cows’ milk and plant-based milk products based on their nutrition panels. We find that while there is heterogeneity in health perceptions, consumers overwhelmingly select skim milk as the healthiest milk product. Additionally, the cows’ milk nutrition panels are typically ranked healthier than the plant-based milk products. Finally, we also conducted an additional intent-to-purchase experiment and find that there are significant differences in the preference shares of healthiness perceptions and intent to purchase, meaning that consumers consider more than just health in their purchase decisions.
Kaminski, D. M., Yang, W., & Nayga, R. M. (2026). Consumer health perceptions of cows’ milk and plant‐based milk alternatives. Applied Economic Perspectives and Policy, 48(3), 797–809. https://doi.org/10.1002/aepp.70074
Consumer perceptions of plant-based meat innovation: A focus group study on food technology
Abstract:
Broad, G. M., & Ruby, M. B. (2026). Consumer perceptions of plant-based meat innovation: A focus group study on food technology. Frontiers in Sustainable Food Systems, 10. https://doi.org/10.3389/fsufs.2026.1800499
Cultivated meat and the future of food systems: Promise, progress, and challenges
Abstract:
Novel plant-based meat products that aim to mimic the taste and texture of conventional meat have been proposed as a key tool to encourage sustainable dietary shifts. The innovative qualities of these products have been emphasized in consumer marketing campaigns and across brand communication, part of a broader techno-optimistic narrative about the possibilities of food technology to deliver individual and planetary health benefits. Recently, however, the growth of the market for plant-based meat alternatives (PBMAs) has slowed, attributed to a mix of intrinsic product limitations, consumer price sensitivity, and concerns about “ultra-processing,” among other factors. Together, these developments have raised questions as to whether an emphasis on innovation in the industry’s strategic communication serves to help or hinder their products’ reputation. This article reports on interviews with 46 respondents across 12 different focus group sessions, each recruited via a multi-step purposive sampling process. Participants came from the US and UK (with 23 living in each nation, respectively) and reflected a mix of dietary practices (24 omnivores, 13 vegetarians, and 9 vegans), while the sample included a median age of 40.5 and relatively even gender composition (26 men and 20 women). Guided by concepts from diffusion of innovations research, the primary aim was to explore consumer sense-making of PBMA innovation, specifically, and of food technology more broadly. Key findings emphasize how some respondents bring an ideologically consistent view of innovation to their assessment of PBMAs, while most offer contingent and sometimes contradictory accounts. Fundamentally, consumers consider PBMA innovation and product adoption through an intersecting set of multi-level and domain-specific interpretive schemas, with their perceptions constructed through an often unpredictable mix of personal preference, social network and environmental factors, and broader cultural and ideological influences. The work outlines implications for scholarship, marketing, and applied behavioral interventions in the plant-based foods arena.
Kim, S., Park, K.-H., Park, S.-J., Park, Y.-G., & Moon, S.-H. (2026). Cultivated meat and the future of food systems: Promise, progress, and challenges. Food Science & Nutrition, 14(4), e71725. https://doi.org/10.1002/fsn3.71725
Cultured meat as a novel food: Emerging food safety challenges, risk assessment gaps, and regulatory readiness
Abstract:
Cultured meat, also referred to as cell-based or cultivated meat, has emerged as a disruptive innovation in the global food system, promising environmental sustainability, animal welfare benefits, and supply chain resilience. Despite rapid technological advances and recent regulatory approvals in selected countries, food safety remains the most critical determinant of public acceptance and market scalability. Unlike conventional meat, cultured meat introduces novel risk profiles associated with cell sourcing, bioprocessing conditions, culture media components, scaffolding materials, and post-harvest handling. This review critically examines cultured meat from a food safety perspective, integrating recent scientific evidence, regulatory developments, and emerging risk assessment frameworks. We highlight key safety concerns including microbial contamination in bioreactors, genetic and epigenetic stability of cell lines, chemical hazards from growth factors and scaffolds, allergenicity, and long-term toxicological uncertainties. Importantly, this review proposes a next-generation food safety paradigm for cultured meat, emphasizing process-based safety control, real-time monitoring using omics and biosensors, and adaptive regulatory science. By identifying critical knowledge gaps and offering a roadmap for harmonized safety governance, this article positions food safety as the cornerstone for the responsible commercialization of cultured meat.
Sophian, A. (2026). Cultured meat as a novel food: Emerging food safety challenges, risk assessment gaps, and regulatory readiness. Journal of Food Safety, 46(2). https://doi.org/10.1111/jfs.70069
Design principles of cells for eatability and scalability of cultivated meat
Introduction:
Culturing animal cells to engineer edible tissues—commonly referred to as cultured or cultivated meat—offers a promising avenue to diversify animal protein production and support the development of resilient, sustainable food systems. While humans have used microbial cells to produce food and drink from wine to bread to yogurt for thousands of years, the cultivation of mammalian cells to produce meat remains challenging. Among the most pressing demands is producing cultivated meat that is both acceptable to consumers in terms of its sensory and nutritional qualities—or ‘eatable’—and scalable to meet food production demands (Fig. 1). Although realizing the full potential of cultivated meat will require cross-sector collaboration to ensure food safety, regulatory preparedness, and consumer trust, its success will ultimately depend on products that are both desirable and accessible, which is contingent on integrating scalability with eatability. To begin building a framework for scalability and eatability, we focus here on cultivated livestock meats, specifically beef, pork, and chicken.
Smith, C. S., Krusinski, L., Cohen, C. A., Kawecki, N. S., Moccio, L., Xie, Q., Cheng, E., Yee, Z., Adler, S., Simpson, D., Marcotte, G., Damoiseaux, R., Park, J. O., Crosbie, R. H., Mayhew, E. J., Garmyn, A. J., Fenton, J. I., & Rowat, A. C. (2026). Design principles of cells for eatability and scalability of cultivated meat. Trends in Food Science & Technology, 172, 105731. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tifs.2026.105731
Fungal cell factories: Advancing the field of cellular agriculture
Abstract:
Cellular agriculture is an emerging field that seeks to develop animal products, including meat, dairy, and eggs from cell cultures instead of whole animals. Fungal cell factories are playing an increasingly important role in supporting the advancement of cellular agriculture. From the use of yeasts and filamentous fungi to produce high-value animal proteins via precision fermentation to the conversion of edible fungi into mycoprotein and scaffolding for cultivated meat production, fungi are proving well suited to a variety of applications within this nascent field.
This review summarizes applications of fungal cell factories in the emerging field of cellular agriculture. It focuses on fundamental aspects of fungal biology and how it enables them to be used as producers of proteins, lipids, and other molecules. This review reports key examples of fungi being used to advance or improve the production of meat and dairy alternatives.
Fungal organisms are versatile cell factories capable of producing dietary proteins and lipids that have been traditionally sourced from animals. These products, produced through fermentative bioprocesses, can be used as standalone products or as key ingredients that can be used to enhance taste, texture and/or product functionality. Advances in gene synthesis, genetic engineering, and omics are rapidly reducing the barriers to leveraging fungi in the field of cellular agriculture and food biotechnology. This trend is poised to continue and expand as synthesis and sequencing costs come down, and as supportive technologies such as artificial intelligence and machine learning help to accelerate strain engineering and bioprocess design.
La, J., Cheung, H., & Semper, C. (2026). Fungal cell factories: Advancing the field of cellular agriculture. Trends in Food Science & Technology, 172, 105735. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tifs.2026.105735
Fungal factories for feeding the future: Mycoproteins as a sustainable protein source at the interface of food, health, and biotechnology innovation
Abstract:
Mycoproteins are gaining attention as alternative protein sources that have the potential to address the nutritional and environmental issues linked to animal products consumption. Since the discovery of Fusarium venenatum as a viable source of mycoproteins, numerous other fungal strains have been explored, leading to products with improved nutritional profiles. From a nutritional perspective, they provide high-quality, digestible proteins with potential gastrointestinal, metabolic and cardiovascular benefits. Regarding the environmental impact, production methods require significantly less land, water and energy compared with animal-based products, which results in lower greenhouse-gas emissions. Economically, mycoproteins fit well into circular systems by integrating various agro-wastes and industrial by-products into the fermentation process. However, potential allergenicity, limited long-term clinical data, scalable production optimization and consumer acceptance are still important challenges to be taken into consideration. This review investigates both the benefits and drawbacks of conventional technologies, while identifying existing gaps and innovation potential driven by artificial intelligence-assisted process optimization, genetic engineering and potential functional properties.
Firincă, C., Constantin, M., Răut, I., Zamfir, L.-G., Jecu, M.-L., Doni, M., & Gurban, A.-M. (2026). Fungal factories for feeding the future: Mycoproteins as a sustainable protein source at the interface of food, health, and biotechnology innovation. Sustainable Food Technology. https://doi.org/10.1039/D5FB00914F
Meat your feelings: Psychographics and intended behaviors explain emotions toward cell-cultivated meat label terms across consumer clusters in the U.S.A.
Abstract:
Unclear labeling of cell-cultivated meat (CCM) in the U.S.A. creates significant challenges for consumer decision-making. While prior studies have examined consumer traits related to CCM product acceptance, the relationship between emotions towards labels and product acceptance remains unexplored. To address this gap, an EmoSemio questionnaire was administered to 893 participants across the U.S.A. We hypothesize product acceptance is driven by emotions towards how CCM products are labeled, which are informed by consumer attitudes and beliefs. Using untargeted hierarchical clustering, consumers were segmented based on emotional responses to seven CCM label terms and ‘meat’. We then analyzed psychographic, demographic, and CCM product perception across clusters. Three emotional clusters emerged, demonstrating significant differences in intended behaviors toward CCM products, with the Optimistic Enthusiasts being most and the Apprehensive Critics least willing to try (p < 0.05). Based on psychographics, significant differences between clusters (p < 0.05) characterized Apprehensive Critics based on highest Food Technology Neophobia and Disgust Sensitivity ratings, with the lowest ratings in Anticipated Food Scarcity in comparison to the other two clusters. Structural Equation Modeling (SEM) revealed attitudes shaping emotions towards label terms, but the impact of emotions on perceptions was dependent on the label term. Outcomes from this study highlight differences in psychographics and intended behaviors that explain emotions towards different CCM label terms.
Failla, M., Wee, J., Spinelli, S., Monteleone, E., & Hopfer, H. (2026). Meat your feelings: Psychographics and intended behaviors explain emotions toward cell-cultivated meat label terms across consumer clusters in the U.S.A. Food Quality and Preference, 143, 105961. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodqual.2026.105961
Replacing meat with plant-based proteins: An analysis of nutritional, sustainability and acceptability aspects
Abstract:
As the world progresses towards more sustainable food systems, an increasing number of individuals are inclined to reduce meat consumption and transition to plant-based protein sources. Given the implications of climate change and escalating public health issues, plant-based protein sources appear to be a viable alternative; yet, this transition will be challenging to implement. Legumes, cereals, oilseeds, microalgae, and mycoprotein constitute the primary sources of plant-derived protein. Each possesses distinct functional attributes; yet, they also exhibit certain nutritional constraints. The restrictions mostly pertain to the composition of essential amino acids and the body’s efficacy in utilizing micronutrients such as iron, zinc, and vitamin B12. From an ecological perspective, plant-based proteins often exert a significantly lesser impact on the environment compared to conventional meat. This reduces greenhouse gas emissions and optimizes resource utilization. Recent technological advancements, including fermentation methods, shear cell structuring, and high-moisture extrusion, have significantly improved the texture and flavor of plant-based products. However, consumer perceptions of the sensory attributes of these products significantly influence their acceptance. Current research priorities include improving protein digestibility, mitigating antinutritional factors, reducing salt content, and generating robust long-term data on health effects/health benefits. Ultimately, replacing meat with plant-based proteins involves not only scientific and nutritional considerations but also requires significant cultural and societal transformations to establish a more balanced and sustainable food system.
Cocan, I., Negrea, M., Alexa, E., Jianu, C., Heghedus-Mindru, G., & Cazacu, M. (2026). Replacing meat with plant-based proteins: An analysis of nutritional, sustainability and acceptability aspects. Applied Sciences, 16(7), 3356. https://doi.org/10.3390/app16073356
The rise of plant-based proteins: Consumer perception and challenges
Abstract:
Proteins are vital for human health, and with the rise in population and environmental problems, plant-based proteins are becoming more popular. They have many benefits, such as preventing several chronic diseases and contributing to sustainability by decreasing greenhouse gas emissions, land use, and water consumption. Furthermore, the plant‑based food market in the EU was valued at approximately €9 billion in 2024, with milk, beverages, and meat alternatives accounting for a large share of total sales. Plant-based proteins account for 80% of global protein consumption and come from various sources, making them a more sustainable alternative to animal proteins. However, they also have several limitations, including the lack of some essential amino acids and lower bioavailability compared to animal proteins. There are also several challenges, such as negative perceptions of taste and regulatory restrictions on product labeling. Barriers such as food neophobia, taste, and accessibility affect their consumption. Regulations, new production methods, and more research can improve consumer adoption of plant-based proteins, which could position them as the food of the future due to their health and ecological advantages. This paper discusses the benefits and challenges of plant-based foods, various plant protein sources, and research on consumer perceptions of these proteins.
Inanlar, B., & Capanoglu, E. (2026). The rise of plant-based proteins: Consumer perception and challenges. Food Science & Nutrition, 14(5), e71713. https://doi.org/10.1002/fsn3.71713
The role of halo effects in consumer perceptions of meat and dairy alternatives
Abstract:
An increasing number of consumers are reducing their consumption of meat and dairy products and choosing alternatives. Health and environmental concerns are frequently cited as key motivations and selling points. This study investigates whether consumers’ willingness to consume meat and dairy alternatives (MDAs), including plant-based, insect-based, and lab-grown products, is associated with perceived healthiness and sustainability. Additionally, it examines whether these perceptions align with objective product characteristics, namely the Nutrient Rich Foods Index (NRF10.3) and CO2-equivalent values. Beyond rational information processing, consumers rely on mental shortcuts when assessing the healthiness and sustainability of food products. Specifically, the halo effect plays an important role whereby consumers infer additional positive product attributes based on a single perceived strength of a product. Through the lens of the halo effect, this study examines which perceptions are associated with consumers’ assessments of different MDAs. A total of 1034 Swiss participants evaluated 15 commercially available MDAs across six dimensions: willingness to consume, perceived enjoyment, healthiness, sustainability, naturalness, and processing. The results show that willingness to consume MDAs is associated with perceived healthiness and, to a lesser extent, with perceived sustainability. However, these perceptions diverge from the NRF10.3 and CO2-equivalent values. Instead, halo effects seem to influence health and sustainability perceptions. Perceived healthiness is associated with perceived sustainability, naturalness, processing, and enjoyment, while sustainability perceptions are associated with perceived healthiness, naturalness, and enjoyment. Accordingly, health-sustainability, naturalness, and taste halo effects are identified. These findings have important implications for the marketing and communication of MDAs.
Höchli, B., Holenweger, G., Morf, A., Stämpfli, A., & Messner, C. (2026). The role of halo effects in consumer perceptions of meat and dairy alternatives. Food Quality and Preference, 143, 105934. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodqual.2026.105934
The role of social influence in shaping consumer preferences for plant-based meat
Abstract:
The increase in global meat consumption has increased the attention devoted to efforts to mitigate the environmental, health, and animal welfare consequences of the livestock industry. With advances in technology, plant-based meat is considered a promising solution with which to reduce the negative impacts of farm-raised meat production. However, consumers often exhibit negative attitudes toward plant-based meat. Social influence plays a key role in shaping consumer behavior, as individuals frequently adapt their actions based on the behavior of others. In this study, we explore whether various forms of social influence, namely word-of-mouth, electronic word-of-mouth, social norms, and neighborhood effects, affect consumer preferences regarding plant-based meat. Based on a labeled hypothetical discrete choice experiment with 1500 Chinese respondents, our results reveal that word-of-mouth and neighborhood effects significantly increase consumer preference for plant-based meat. In contrast, electronic word-of-mouth and social norms show no significant impact. A latent class model identified two consumer clusters: an adopter segment (81%), which is characterized by higher education, incomes, and neighborhood influence and exhibits positive preferences for both farm-raised and plant-based meat, and a smaller reluctant segment (19%), which shows no strong preferences for plant-based meat and is more likely to be married and price sensitive. These findings suggest that targeted, neighborhood-anchored interventions and word-of-mouth campaigns can help accelerate the diffusion of plant-based meat.
Yuan, R. (2026). The role of social influence in shaping consumer preferences for plant-based meat. Journal of Cleaner Production, 554, 148154. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2026.148154
Animal product consumption
Beyond transparency: The double-edged effects of animal husbandry and welfare information on consumer perceptions of meat
Abstract:
Animal welfare plays an increasingly important role in consumers’ meat purchase decisions. Many consumers demand additional and more transparent information about the meaning of animal welfare labels and actual husbandry practices, particularly regarding the conditions under which the animals were kept. Since product packaging offers only limited possibilities for communicating detailed information, new technologies such as blockchain technology enable the provision of additional, largely tamper-proof information via QR codes on product packaging. This paper investigates whether additional information may not only enhance consumer approval of more “ethical” meat but also elicit negative psychological effects that may ultimately prevent its purchase. Based on a pre-study and two experiments conducted in the context of organic poultry farming, we show that the type of information plays a critical role. Additional information framed in relative terms is associated with higher anticipated overall meat quality and purchase intention. In contrast, additional information framed in absolute terms may evoke a sobering realization and psychological discomfort, which in turn are linked to less favorable evaluations of anticipated overall meat quality.
Grub, M. N., & Groeppel-Klein, A. (2026). Beyond transparency: The double-edged effects of animal husbandry and welfare information on consumer perceptions of meat. Appetite, 108554. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.appet.2026.108554
Exploring the dietary behaviour of students who limit their intake of animal-source foods: Secondary analysis of a nationally representative undergraduate student survey
Abstract:
Plant-based nutrition is gaining in popularity for many reasons relating to health, sustainability and animal welfare. While there is potential for diets with low or no animal source foods (ASF) to be healthy, this is not necessarily the case. Emerging adults may be at the forefront of a social movement away from ASF in the UK. This age group also have generally poor diets. Modern day plant-based diets, particularly those followed by younger people, may include more convenience foods and less fruit and vegetables than traditional plant-based diets. This study aims to examine whether young people following plant-based diets consume higher or lower quality diets than young people who consume ASF (omnivores).
Oyebode, O., & Mensah, D. (2026). Exploring the dietary behaviour of students who limit their intake of animal-source foods: Secondary analysis of a nationally representative undergraduate student survey. Journal of Human Nutrition and Dietetics : The Official Journal of the British Dietetic Association, 39(2), e70246. https://doi.org/10.1111/jhn.70246
The suppression of moral engagement in consumer responses to animal slaughter
Abstract:
Despite growing research on meat-animal reminders, the psychological impact of slaughter exposure on consumers remains underexplored. In this preregistered experiment, we examined whether exposing consumers to animal slaughter increases their willingness to substitute meat by activating a moral engagement process involving perceived harm, prevention beliefs, and personal norms. A sample of 392 UK meat-eating participants were recruited and randomly assigned to view one of four images: an image of animal slaughter (i.e., chicken or pig) or a control image (i.e., chicken or pork meat prepared for consumption). Mediation analyses revealed that slaughter exposure did not directly affect willingness to substitute meat but had an indirect effect through the moral engagement process, activated through increased perceived harm, prevention beliefs, and personal norms. This indirect effect was stronger upon exposure to pig slaughter than to chicken slaughter. Higher meat consumption and especially higher meat attachment suppressed the moral engagement process, reducing the impact of animal slaughter on willingness to substitute meat. In both slaughter conditions, indirect effects were stronger when personal norms were bypassed, suggesting that perceived harm and prevention beliefs alone can shift meat-eating intentions. While subject to methodological limitations, our study informs the design of interventions to promote moral engagement towards animals and encourage meat substitution and highlights the importance of strengthening prevention beliefs and addressing meat attachment.
Fonseca, R. P., De Groeve, B., Camilleri, L., Godinho, C., & Prada, M. (2026). The suppression of moral engagement in consumer responses to animal slaughter. Food Quality and Preference, 143, 105929. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodqual.2026.105929
Animal welfare
A narrative review on Internet of Things and Artificial Intelligence for poultry production
Abstract:
Recently, poultry production has increased worldwide to address the increasing demand of affordable animal-sourced protein. To meet this requirement, poultry production operations have become more concentrated, introducing management challenges related to disease control, productivity, and animal welfare. However, manual flock monitoring and management have become impractical in such cases, creating a need for automatic data-driven management approaches. In this context, the Internet of Things (IoT) has emerged as a potential technological solution for continuous flock monitoring, data sharing, and decision-making. Despite this, its adoption in poultry production is limited compared with its widespread use in crop production, transportation, and manufacturing industrial sectors. Furthermore, advanced analytical techniques such as artificial intelligence (AI), applied to data gathered by IoT-enabled devices, have shown promising results by generating actionable information. Existing literature suggests that the integration of IoT and AI can address the major challenges associated with modern large-scale poultry production systems. While most applications remain at the research scale, such technologies have the potential for improving flock monitoring, enhancing productivity, and ensuring proper animal welfare. This narrative review examines the current state of IoT and AI based technologies, together or in part identifies the limitations, research gaps, and opportunities for future development.
Dhungana, A., Paneru, B., Dahal, S., & Chai, L. (2026). A narrative review on Internet of Things and Artificial Intelligence for poultry production. Animals : An Open Access Journal from MDPI, 16(9). https://doi.org/10.3390/ani16091285
Assessing long-term changes in group-level qualitative behavioural assessment in housed dairy cattle: A longitudinal study
Abstract:
Qualitative behavioural assessment (QBA) has been used to assess welfare in dairy cattle; however, it has not been evaluated longitudinally over extended time periods. A group of approximately 270 housed dairy cattle were monitored using QBA and activity sensors over a 13-month period (June 2024–July 2025) to explore whether factors such as temperature and season are associated with changes in affective state. The QBA scores were analysed using principal component analysis. Principal component 1 (PC1), with 39.3% of the variance, was negatively associated with ‘positively occupied’, ‘relaxed’, ‘calm’, ‘content’, and ‘happy’ and was positively associated with terms such as ‘indifferent’, ‘bored’, and ‘irritable’, suggesting that a decrease in PC1 shows an improved emotional state. Principal component 2 (PC2), which contributed 13.4% of the variance, was positively associated with ‘lively’ and ‘active’. The principal component scores varied over time: less variation and a lower PC1 score were observed in the winter. Time series analysis was conducted with the outcomes PC1 and PC2 using autoregressive integrated moving average (ARIMA) models to account for potential correlation in the outcome over time. An ARIMA model for PC1 showed that increased temperature (0.18, p < 0.001) and mean days in milk (0.10, p < 0.001) and reduced milk per cow per day (−0.67, p < 0.001) were significantly associated with an increase in PC1. These results suggest that the herd was more content and happier in cooler conditions and that warmer conditions were associated with a more agitated state. Given that the changes in QBA (considered as a proxy for affective state) are observed in year-round-housed dairy cows and appear to be linked to temperature, milking status, and activity, QBA performed at a single time point in housed dairy cattle should be interpreted with caution rather than used as a herd baseline.
Craven, E. F., Prosser, N. S., Vasquez-Diosdado, J. A., Kaler, J., Russell, A., Green, M. J., & Thompson, J. S. (2026). Assessing long-term changes in group-level qualitative behavioural assessment in housed dairy cattle: A longitudinal study. Frontiers in Animal Science, 7. https://doi.org/10.3389/fanim.2026.1807554
Bringing animal welfare into sustainability: Embedding animal wellbeing in life cycle assessments
Abstract:
Animal welfare remains a critical yet insufficiently integrated dimension of sustainability in livestock production systems, with limited representation in frameworks such as the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) and conventional Life Cycle Assessment (LCA). Given the interdependencies between welfare, environmental performance, human health, socio-economic outcomes, system resilience and societal acceptance, this commentary outlines a structured pathway for embedding animal welfare within holistic sustainability assessment.
Kyriazakis, I., & Wangui, J. C. (2026). Bringing animal welfare into sustainability: Embedding animal wellbeing in life cycle assessments. The International Journal of Life Cycle Assessment, 31(5), 79. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11367-026-02657-6
Computer vision models for precision poultry farming: A narrative review of behavioral and welfare monitoring studies
Abstract:
This narrative review with structured literature screening combines comprehensive research on the rapid adoption of object detection computer vision models, particularly “You Only Look Once” (YOLO), used alone or in conjunction with other machine learning models, to advance Precision Poultry Farming (PPF), which refers to the application of data-driven and automated technologies to monitor, manage, and optimize poultry health, welfare, and production efficiency. A literature search across search engines, such as Google Scholar, was used because of its broad interdisciplinary coverage, allowing retrieval of literature spanning animal science, computer vision, and agricultural engineering, which are often indexed across different publications venues, on October 15 2024, which revealed 408 results when searching with search expression “YOLO + broilers + layers” and publications dated from 2015 to October 15, 2024. We removed 200 articles during screening, and 126 articles were excluded after eligibility evaluation, resulting in 82 eligible research papers to be included for this review. The YOLO object detection models have evolved from YOLOv1 to YOLO11 by 2024, progressively improving in model performance, speed, accuracy, and robustness through the refinement of key architectural components, including backbone networks, detection heads, and loss functions. This review highlights how YOLO models have been applied to broiler chickens and laying hens across diverse housing systems to support key tasks such as identification, behavior detection, counting, tracking, health and disease monitoring, flock distribution pattern, and calculating activity index, often in combination with other machine vision models. The analysis shows that it took 4 years to apply YOLO models for the object detection task in poultry since the release of the first version of the YOLO model in 2015. The application of YOLO models in poultry from 2019 to 2021 was very slow and sporadic while it took rapid growth in publications since 2021, led primarily by research groups in China and the USA, and mainly concentrated in journals such as Computers and Electronics in Agriculture (10), Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) Conference (10), Poultry Science (9), Animals (6), and AgriEngineering (5). Major opportunities and challenges are identified around deploying these models for reliable, real-time decision support on commercial farms, particularly for animal welfare assessment, disease and wild bird detection, and integration with complementary sensing and analytics frameworks.
Paneru, B., Dhungana, A., Dahal, S., Ritz, C. W., Kim, W., Liu, T., & Chai, L. (2026). Computer vision models for precision poultry farming: A narrative review of behavioral and welfare monitoring studies. Poultry Science, 105(7), 106887. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psj.2026.106887
Costs and benefits of AI camera systems in pig farming: A systematic literature review
Abstract:
Camera systems using artificial intelligence (AI) methods have been a frequently explored topic in pig farming in recent years. Research has been focused mainly on the technical functionality and feasibility of the technologies. However, a decisive factor in the implementation of new technologies in agriculture is also the costs and benefits for the end user. A systematic literature review using ASReview software was conducted to investigate whether it is possible to identify the costs and economic benefits of AI camera systems in pig farming. A comprehensive literature search yielded a total of 4,191 publications, with 48 publications included in the analysis. Most (63%; n = 30) of the technologies analyzed were simple AI approaches intended for simple animal monitoring tasks. With respect to the reported benefits, previous studies have primarily highlighted reductions in labor and medication expenditures, alongside advantages associated with early disease detection and minimized performance losses during growth. Additional potential contributions of AI-based technologies to commercial pig farming were noted in the domains of herd management (e.g. growth monitoring), animal welfare, and mortality reduction. However, none of the reviewed studies provided a comprehensive account of the associated economic costs, such as those related to acquisition, maintenance, or system implementation. Although previous studies have referred to the potential costs and benefits of AI-based camera systems, an economic evaluation is lacking. Beyond the direct implementation costs and potential labor savings, it is crucial to account for the performance metrics of the technologies, as insufficient sensitivity, for instance, may result in additional expenses.
Kühnemund, A., & Recke, G. (2026). Costs and benefits of AI camera systems in pig farming: A systematic literature review. NJAS: Impact in Agricultural and Life Sciences, 98(1). https://doi.org/10.1080/27685241.2026.2661575
From isolated data to integrated ecosystems: The artificial intelligence revolution in precision livestock farming
Abstract:
The global livestock and poultry farming systems are navigating an unprecedented paradigm shift. Faced with the compounding pressures of rising global protein demand, climate change, labor shortages, and increasing societal scrutiny regarding animal welfare, the agricultural sector is rapidly turning to digital solutions. Artificial intelligence (AI) is no longer a frontier concept confined to computer science laboratories; it is rapidly becoming the core engine driving the modernization of animal science, leading to novel on-farm applications.
This issue of Animal Frontiers offers a comprehensive exploration of this digital transformation. The eleven articles collected herein illuminate how the application of AI is evolving from the deployment of isolated, reactive tools to the creation of proactive, integrated knowledge systems.
Cabrera, V. E., & Niu, M. (2026). From isolated data to integrated ecosystems: The artificial intelligence revolution in precision livestock farming. Animal Frontiers, 16(2), 3–6. https://doi.org/10.1093/af/vfag010
Integrating drone imaging into behavioral monitoring of feedlot cattle
Abstract:
Continuous behavioral monitoring in feedlot systems is essential for improving animal welfare and production efficiency; however, traditional direct observation is labor-intensive and subject to observer-related limitations. This study aimed to validate the use of unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) to assess behavioral responses of beef cattle in a commercial feedlot. Data were collected over 21 non-consecutive days in 34 pens housing up to 150 animals each. A DJI Mini 2 drone recorded aerial images at altitudes between 10 and 20 m during the hottest hours of the day (13:00–15:00 h), while simultaneous direct visual observations were performed as the reference method. Behaviors were classified according to a predefined ethogram. Agreement between methods was evaluated using the Intraclass Correlation Coefficient (ICC), based on the number of animals exhibiting each behavior per 10-minute observation session recorded by each method. Excellent agreement was observed for eating behavior (ICC = 0.90), while standing (ICC = 0.86), lying (ICC = 0.80), and dominance/mounting behavior (ICC = 0.79) showed good reproducibility. In contrast, drinking (ICC = 0.48), ruminating (ICC = 0.41), and walking (ICC = 0.37) presented poor agreement. Higher reliability was associated with behaviors of longer duration and clearer postural definition, whereas dynamic and short-duration behaviors were more affected by visual and methodological constraints. Overall, UAV-based monitoring proved to be a reliable and non-invasive tool for assessing key behavioral patterns in feedlot cattle, particularly feeding activity, supporting its application in precision livestock farming systems.
Orioli, G. F., Barcelos, J. P., Bastos, K. M., Inagaki, F. M. de O., Silveira, R. M. F., & Nascimento, S. T. (2026). Integrating drone imaging into behavioral monitoring of feedlot cattle. Frontiers in Animal Science, 7. https://doi.org/10.3389/fanim.2026.1810888
Leveraging artificial intelligence for the advancement of animal sciences: Innovations, applications, and impacts
Abstract:
The integration of Artificial Intelligence (AI) and animal sciences is emerging as a game-changing frontier. Together, they have great potential to revolutionize animal health, welfare, and productivity. Key innovations include predictive health monitoring, precision livestock farming, data-driven breeding that provides actionable insights, etc. These technologies are not only enhancing the accuracy and efficiency of animal care but also offering new ways to monitor and improve animal behavior, welfare, and the early detection of diseases. AI-driven tools are automating complex analyses, facilitating more informed decisions, and enabling a better understanding of animal needs. Additionally, AI is contributing to the optimization of breeding by genetic data mining to predict desirable traits and improve overall animal performance. Research in this area has been presented, and a case study for AI in animal sciences has also been discussed: Smart Sheep Breeder, an AI and IoT-based decision Support System for sheep farms. Smart Sheep Breeder is an AI-driven, IoT-compatible, web- and Android-based decision support system (DSS). The system automates data collection, biometric, and genetic analyses. It also automates reporting, enabling farm managers and policymakers to make timely, data-driven decisions. The tool has been validated against existing software and tested on retrospective farm data from three breeds across four farms, demonstrating high accuracy in breeding value estimation. The tool also has 100% positive user feedback from all 16 government-run sheep farms in Jammu and Kashmir. It may be concluded that, as the world progresses toward a technological revolution, the integration and ethical utilization of AI in animal sciences could revolutionize the sector as well.
Hamadani, A., Ganai, N. A., Bedair, H., Rugji, J., & Onyijen, O. H. (2026). Leveraging artificial intelligence for the advancement of animal sciences: innovations, applications, and impacts. In A. Arora, S. Marwaha, R. Jain, & R. Parsad (Eds.), Harvesting intelligence: the AI revolution in agriculture: from fields to algorithms, cultivating future harvests (pp. 141–152). Springer Nature Singapore. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-95-5175-0_10
Mapping profiles of animal affect
Abstract:
The study of animal consciousness typically focuses on the distribution question: i.e., which animal taxa are conscious. However, recent work has instead suggested a dimensional approach to build up ‘consciousness profiles’ for different species; giving us the what it is like to be that animal. Here I apply a similar approach to understanding animal affect, the dimension most relevant to welfare. Different animals will have varied sets of affects, that they may experience to differing degrees. I introduce a framework for mapping out the affective ranges and intensities of different animals, using clusters of physiological and behavioural markers to construct affect profiles for each species or taxa. These profiles could help inform research on the evolution, function, and distribution of animal consciousness and affect, as well as identify the interests and welfare risks for different species.
Browning, H. (2026). Mapping profiles of animal affect. Biology & Philosophy, 41(2), 16. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10539-026-10019-7
Aquatic animal welfare
Aquaculture robotics: Challenges, opportunities and future prospects and the role of digital twin technology and autonomous solutions
Abstract:
Aquaculture is a growing industry worldwide and makes up almost half of the world’s production of aquatic animals meant for human consumption. Norway is the world’s largest exporter of Atlantic salmon, with the sea-based production mainly being placed along the coastline, constantly dealing with challenging weather conditions. Daily operations currently rely heavily on manual labour and experience-based decision-making, with a steady struggle to balance productivity, fish welfare, and the HSE conditions of the workers. Many maritime domains already benefit greatly from the use of underwater robotics to increase efficiency, reduce costs, and ensure safety of operations. Similarly, an increased use of robotic and autonomous solutions in the sea-based aquaculture industry could greatly improve safety of operations. However, the sea-based aquaculture industry poses unique challenges to robotic solutions compared to other parts of the maritime domain because of the dynamically changing environment, the flexible structures, and the living fish. This chapter gives an in-depth overview of the many inspection, maintenance, and repair procedures that need to be performed to maintain safe and sustainable operations in sea-based aquaculture in Norway. The status of robotics, digitalization, and autonomy for these operations is considered, both in applications and the potential for future innovations. Extensive research and development efforts made to enable the use of more robotics and autonomy in daily operations are also presented. Digital twin technology is likely to be a crucial component in developing the new technologies within robotics and autonomy needed in the aquaculture practices of the future. Throughout the chapter, the possible roles of a digital twin in realizing this potential are highlighted.
Evjemo, L. D., Ohrem, S. J., Su, B., Føre, M., & Kelasidi, E. (2026). Aquaculture robotics: Challenges, opportunities and future prospects and the role of digital twin technology and autonomous solutions. In F. O’Donncha, M. Føre, & J. Grant (Eds.), Digital twin for marine fish farming (pp. 49–88). Springer Nature Switzerland. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-032-10362-8_2
Fish health and welfare monitoring for potential digital twins
Abstract:
Measuring, monitoring, assessing, auditing and safeguarding fish welfare in aquaculture is of the utmost importance to ensure the overall sustainability of the sector. Welfare is key to many short- and long-term operational farming decisions, but the strength of a given decision depends upon the quality and context of the information the farmer has. However, it is often difficult to measure and monitor fish welfare, especially when farming large numbers of fish and when available tools are not as robust or as operational as needed. Animal welfare is measured and monitored using welfare indicators (WIs), and while there are a wide array of welfare indicators available, these may not be suitable for all species, life stages, husbandry routines, rearing systems or budgets. Digitalising this process is a way to address and resolve some of the challenges a stakeholder faces regarding documenting and auditing input- and outcome-based WIs. The following chapter outlines what welfare is and a range of technologies that one can use to measure and monitor fish welfare, with emphasis on real-time online monitoring. It also provides examples of how AI can add value to these technologies and considers how to integrate welfare indicators into a digital twin.
Noble, C., Alvestad, R., Arechavala-López, P., Bjørnson, F. O., Bloecher, N., Burke, M., Císař, P., Falconer, L., Føre, M., Helberg, G. A. N., Izquierdo-Gomez, D., Jónsdóttir, K. E., Kadri, S., Kolarevic, J., Kumaran, S. K., Larsson, T., Måge, I., Nilsson, J., Ortega, S., … Zena, L. (2026). Fish health and welfare monitoring for potential digital twins. In F. O’Donncha, M. Føre, & J. Grant (Eds.), Digital twin for marine fish farming (pp. 3–48). Springer Nature Switzerland. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-032-10362-8_1
Fish welfare in a changing world: New developments and current challenges
Abstract:
The welfare of non-human animals is central to ethical discussions on animal use, with increasing attention to fish welfare across research, aquaria, aquaculture, and fisheries. This paper reviews current theoretical approaches to animal welfare and recent advances in defining and assessing fish welfare since the seminal paper by Huntingford et al. (2006; J Fish Biol 68: 332–372), highlighting the growing role of cognitive and affective processes. It also includes the concept of positive welfare and some of the current research advances in this field. Methods for measuring, monitoring and assessing welfare via the utilisation of outcome- and input-based indicators are outlined, ranging from practical operational tools to laboratory-based measures. Welfare concerns in wild-capture fisheries are examined in relation to stress, flesh quality and sustainability, including the welfare of released fish. Recent advances in fish neurobiology, cognition and pain perception are summarised, together with technological innovations that enhance welfare monitoring and management. The paper also explores the relationship between fish welfare, sustainability, public concerns and consumer demand, and legal and moral recognition across contexts, situating fish welfare within the ‘One Health’ and ‘One Welfare’ frameworks that link animal welfare, environmental stewardship and human well-being. Ongoing challenges include climate change, cultural factors and the interpretation of fish sentience and cognition among others.
Rey Planellas, S., Saraiva, J. L., Gonçalves-de-Freitas, E., Arechavala-Lopez, P., Bovenkerk, B., Breen, M., Cooke, S. J., Føre, M., Northwood, L., Stien, L. H., Kadri, S., Noble, C., Nilsson, J., Rodriguez, F., Salas, C., Sandøe, P., & van de Vis, H. (2026). Fish welfare in a changing world: New developments and current challenges. Journal of Fish Biology. https://doi.org/10.1111/jfb.70423
Future of intensive pen aquaculture
Abstract:
Norwegian marine fish farming technology and innovations have had a great influence on technology development worldwide. While traditional net pens are the most common technology for fish farming in Norway, other production systems are emerging, making the industry more technologically diverse. This includes closed production units in sheltered areas, submersible farms, and large offshore structures. These innovations are motivated by the prospect of mitigating environmental concerns and the possibilities to install fish farms at sites further from the coast and in more exposed sea areas.
Fish production involves many different farming operations, including reception of juvenile fish, feeding, welfare inspections, parasite control, and cleaning to name a few. In future fish farming, many of these operations and sub-operations will benefit from automation and control through AI and digital twins. In addition, aquaculture workers face several hazards performing these operations and are at risk of occupational diseases and injuries. AI may provide safety relevant decision support systems that can improve safety and working conditions.
There is no doubt that automation and digitalization have the possibility to benefit future fish farming and solve some of the structural and technical challenges that have occurred during the latest years. These include challenges with structural integrity, interaction with vessels and other objects, station keeping, ballasting and stability, and water quality.
The future will probably bring more diverse pen farm designs, where the pens and their operation are tailored to different sites, species, and environments. This will include an increased use of automation, as many operations and daily rearing activities cannot be performed manually. There will be a need of new sensors, digital twins, AI, triggers, and robots to maintain both fish welfare and structural integrity of future fish farms.
Føre, H. M., Thorvaldsen, T., Misund, A., & Bjelland, H. V. (2026). Future of intensive pen aquaculture. In F. O’Donncha, M. Føre, & J. Grant (Eds.), Digital twin for marine fish farming (pp. 257–284). Springer Nature Switzerland. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-032-10362-8_9
Welfare implications of injuries and deformities in wild fish
External injuries and morphological deformities may serve as useful indicators when assessing the welfare of wild animals, as they can be easily observed, be scored in a non-disruptive manner, and likely correlate with reductions in welfare in many contexts. However, the welfare effects of injuries and deformities have so far been mostly examined for animals in captivity. In contrast, the many fish living in the wild have received considerably less attention, especially in relation to naturally occurring causes, such as parasitism, predation attempts, and intra-specific conflict. Here, I attempt to quantify the prevalence of injuries and deformities in wild fish by conducting a targeted review of six relevant journals, and suggest areas where future research would be particularly useful. The results indicate that both anthropogenic and non-anthropogenic factors can cause injuries and deformities in wild fish, and that many of the focal species (i.e. the species studied in the reviewed papers) are closely related. The average prevalence of injuries and/or deformities was 15% across studies. Despite the existence of potential confounding factors (e.g. a selection bias in terms of focal populations and species), these results highlight the potential importance of injuries and deformities as determinants and indicators of fish welfare in the wild.
Eckerström Liedholm, S. (2026). Welfare implications of injuries and deformities in wild fish. Animal Welfare, 35. https://doi.org/10.1017/awf.2026.10083
Climate change and sustainability
Life cycle assessment of industrial-scale cultivated meat production: Case study of real market entry via pet food application
Abstract:
This study provides the first comprehensive LCA of cultivated meat based on primary data from an industrial-scale process, moving beyond previous lab-scale and theoretical assessments. The findings demonstrate that cultivated meat, when produced at scale, can offer a comparable or lower environmental footprint than conventional chicken, particularly when key inputs and energy sources are optimized. This provides a robust benchmark for an emerging food technology.
Stieberová, B., Žilka, M., Bubeníček, P., & Kubeš, T. (2026). Life cycle assessment of industrial-scale cultivated meat production: Case study of real market entry via pet food application. The International Journal of Life Cycle Assessment, 31(4), 62. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11367-026-02629-w
Meat substitutes for climate change mitigation: An integrated assessment of climate impact and consumer adoption likelihood
Abstract:
Consumers can reduce their climate impact by replacing meat with alternative protein sources in the form of meat substitutes (APMS). Common product categories are APMS made from insects, cultured meat, plant-based, and mycoprotein. Considering both CO2 emissions of APMS and consumer adoption likelihood, this study investigated which APMS has the greatest potential to contribute to climate change mitigation. The climate impact was assessed based upon a systematic literature review of comparative Life Cycle Assessments. We concluded that CO2-equivalents are lowest for insects and plant-based APMS and highest for cultured meat. Additionally, we gathered data on the relative consumer adoption likelihood of these APMS among consumers. We conducted an online-experiment to investigate German meat eaters’ willingness to consume APMS and to substitute meat with them (N = 987). Results indicated a preference for plant-based meat substitutes; insect-based substitutes had the lowest estimated consumer adoption likelihood. By multiplying the respective climate impact with the consumer adoption likelihood, we determined the reasonable achievable emission reduction score for each APMS. These scores point towards plant-based APMS as having the highest potential as a dietary alternative to contribute to climate change mitigation. However, efforts to support the substitution of meat with APMS are advisable.
Trimborn, L., Hanß, D., Homburg, A., Steinberg, I., & Brandes, P. C. (2026). Meat substitutes for climate change mitigation: An integrated assessment of climate impact and consumer adoption likelihood. https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.6659246
Dietary change interventions
Chefs at the center: A scoping review of culinary practice, education, and identity driving plant-based transitions in institutional foodservices
Abstract:
Food systems account for roughly one-third of global greenhouse gas emissions, with meat and dairy production as the main contributors. Institutional foodservices, such as hospitals, care centers and universities represent critical points for shifting towards plant-based diets due to their large meal volumes and policy influence. However, the role of culinary professionals in driving these transitions remains understudied. This scoping review maps existing evidence on how culinary practices, education, and professional identity intersect with efforts to elevate environmentally sustainable, plant-based transitions in institutional settings. Using the PRISMA-ScR framework, a search of SCOPUS and Web of Science was conducted in June 2025. Eligible studies were published in English between 2006 and 2025. They addressed at least two of the following themes: institutional chefs or food professionals, culinary practice, and culinary education or training. Research was dominated by case studies from Australia and Europe, with hospitals as the most common settings. The authors observed five recurring themes: (1) professional identity and agency, (2) culinary education and training, (3) institutional barriers and enablers, (4) food waste and sustainability practices, and (5) transitions to plant-based and organic meals. After critically evaluating the extant literature, we conclude that a new research agenda is needed to integrate sustainability systematically into culinary training, examine professional identity, and expand research into diverse geographical and socio-cultural contexts, particularly outside Western high-income countries.
Król, M. (Mac), & Giacalone, D. (2026). Chefs at the center: A scoping review of culinary practice, education, and identity driving plant-based transitions in institutional foodservices. International Journal of Gastronomy and Food Science, 44, 101503. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijgfs.2026.101503
Consumer perspectives on reducing meat consumption: Why recommendations often fail to induce behaviour change?
Abstract:
In food systems, sustainability is regarded as a major challenge that need to be addressed in order to produce the desired outcomes related to environment, food security, and economic and social well-being of people. Consumers making changes in their food choices have been regarded as the major actors in achieving the required transformations, because consumption is one of the drivers of food systems. However, putting consumers’ food choices in the central position in driving the change tends to undermine the roles of other actors and drivers. Consumers need to change their behaviour but to enable the changes, they need support from other actors. Food-related behaviours are complex as they are influenced by physiology, environment, social factors and culture, but still the decisions are made with little effort as part of established household routines and habits. Household food provisioning systems and the role of diverse types of decisions made during the provisioning process have gained limited attention in studies in comparison to the choice and purchase decisions, although they may be the bottlenecks hampering the desired changes in the purchase decisions. Meat reduction is an interesting behaviour because it targets culturally highly valued central piece in meals that in public recommendations is demoted to become a part of diet that should be restricted for health and sustainability reasons. Consumers’ role and responsibility in making changes in their food-related behaviour will be discussed in relation to household food provisioning processes and roles of other food system actors in enabling and supporting those changes.
Lähteenmäki, L. (2026). Consumer perspectives on reducing meat consumption: Why recommendations often fail to induce behaviour change? Meat Science, 238, 110099. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.meatsci.2026.110099
Nudging plant-based meat alternatives’ selection: An online shopping experiment
Abstract:
Increasing efforts are being made by public and private entities to foster the reduction of meat intake among Western countries’ consumers. This study explored the effectiveness of digital nudging in influencing Italian grocery shoppers’ choices of plant-based meat alternatives within an online grocery shopping environment. Specifically, two distinct interventions—a placement nudge and a swap nudge—were tested on a sample of 721 participants. Results indicated that both placement and swap nudges were effective, with neither reactance nor perceived intrusiveness significantly affecting swap effectiveness.
Paparella, A., Lombardi, A., Campanile, G., Cembalo, L., & Vecchio, R. (2026). Nudging plant-based meat alternatives’ selection: An online shopping experiment. Food Quality and Preference, 144, 105954. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodqual.2026.105954
Understanding the effect of social norms and environmental messaging on influencing acceptance of cultivated meat in the UK
Abstract:
Cultivated meat represents an emerging approach to food production, yet its consumer adoption remains uncertain. Using an experimental mixed design, this study examined the impact of different informational messages on five indicators of cultivated meat acceptance in the UK (trying, wanting, liking, buying and incorporating into diet). A total of 346 participants (M = 25.6 years, 65% female) were randomly assigned to one of four conditions: General Information, Social Norms, Environmental Impact, and Combined (integrating social norms and environmental impact). A questionnaire was used to ascertain baseline knowledge and participants’ views of cultivated meat before and after viewing three condition-specific posters for 30 s each. Non-parametric analyses were conducted to examine changes across acceptance indicators following message exposure. Social norms messaging significantly increased participants’ likelihood of liking (Z = −2.88, p = .004), buying (Z = −2.39, p = .017), and incorporating cultivated meat into their diet (Z = −2.22, p = .026). Environmental impact messaging showed inconsistent effects, while the combined information showed a positive trend only on a few measures of acceptance. The general information condition showed significant decreases in participants’ likelihood to try (Z = −2.43, p = .015) and want (Z = −2.65, p = .008) cultivated meat. These findings suggest that social norms may play a particularly important role in shaping acceptance of cultivated meat and that strategically emphasising normative cues may be more effective than providing non-targeted or purely environmental information.
Singh, H., Keenan, G., Di Lemma, L., & Cousins, R. (2026). Understanding the effect of social norms and environmental messaging on influencing acceptance of cultivated meat in the UK. Appetite, 108552. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.appet.2026.108552
Food systems
Trends, challenges, and opportunities for the United States alternative meat and seafood sector: Stakeholder-informed perspectives
Abstract:
Growing global protein demand has fueled innovation and investment in alternative protein (AP) products, including plant-based, fermentation-derived, and cell-cultivated products. Through interviews with AP stakeholders in the United States (U.S.), we explored the sector’s evolution, challenges, opportunities, and trends. Interviewees described a boom from 2009 to 2021 followed by a decline, which the sector is now working to reverse. Achieving taste and price parity, attracting a broad consumer base, producing at scale, and navigating a charged policy environment remain key sector challenges. Looking forward, stakeholders were optimistic, noting opportunities including collaborations within and across sectors; workforce development; innovative financing, scalability models, and products; and increased policy engagement. Findings indicate that the U.S. AP sector is at a critical inflection point. This study points to future research, financing, and innovation that could help AP products become a mainstay in the food system.
Wood, A., Consavage Stanley, K., Daly, J., Grieger, K., Aimutis, W. R., Shirwaiker, R. A., & Wilson, N. L. W. (2026). Trends, challenges, and opportunities for the United States alternative meat and seafood sector: Stakeholder-informed perspectives. Npj Science of Food, 10(1). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41538-026-00841-4
Human-animal relations
Can we talk to the animals? The ethics of using machine learning to decode animal communication
Abstract:
There is currently much scientific and public interest in using machine learning to uncover the meaning of animal signals, which could ultimately lead to two-way communication systems between humans and other animals. This paper examines the research ethics that should govern this line of inquiry, and explores the transformative implications if scientists are successful at creating translations between animal signals and human language. We argue that the scientific and philosophical literature on animal communication systems warrants the attempt to engage in these translation projects, and describe the current state of the art of the research. While the ability to translate animal signals has many possible benefits, these come alongside no small number of risks to animal communities. We enumerate the risks that exist in the development of these models in order to help scientists avoid them. Looking ahead, we argue that successful two-way communication with animals would both reveal an existing moral landscape and create a new one. Any successful two-way communication system would require radical translation of animal signals, which in turn entails that animals are rational beings who live in normative communities. Furthermore, the creation of these communicative systems also gives rise to new responsibilities and new demands. As researchers work to transform our social relationships with animals, they must also take on the responsibility to prepare humanity for the challenges that will arise in this novel multi-species landscape.
Alcantara, M., & Andrews, K. (2026). Can we talk to the animals? The ethics of using machine learning to decode animal communication. Topoi. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11245-026-10409-2
Compassion for animals: A narrative review
Abstract:
Compassion for animals has emerged as an important yet insufficiently examined construct within psychological and contemplative science. Human–animal relationships have been shaped by anthropocentric and hierarchical norms that normalize harm, unevenly distribute moral concern, and limit recognition of animal suffering. Recent theoretical and empirical advances, however, indicate that compassion for animals constitutes a distinct and meaningful dimension of compassion, with significant implications for individual well-being, ethical orientation, and ecological sustainability. This review synthesizes current research on compassion for animals, integrating perspectives from ethics, contemplative science, and human–animal studies. It examines how compassion for animals is conceptualized and measured, distinguishing it from empathy and compassion directed toward humans, and reviews empirical evidence linking animal-directed compassion to personality traits, nature relatedness, and psychological health. The review also considers animals as relational partners and sentient beings capable of eliciting and expressing empathic responses. In addition, it discusses contemplative, experiential, and animal-assisted practices as potential pathways for cultivating compassion toward animals, while addressing ethical considerations related to animal welfare and agency. The review concludes by outlining directions for future research and highlighting the role of compassion for animals in expanding ethical concern, reducing animal suffering, and fostering more compassionate human–animal relationships.
Khoury, B. (2026). Compassion for animals: A narrative review. Frontiers in Ethology, 5. https://doi.org/10.3389/fetho.2026.1816912
Introduction: Animals and society (human–animal studies)
Abstract:
The study of animals and society – commonly referred to as Human–Animal Studies (HAS) – has been growing rapidly within the last few decades, incorporating numerous disciplines and broadening internationally. This chapter presents a brief outline of the development, growth, and current issues within HAS. Debate over the use of terms for the field as well as its subject matter (e.g.,“animals”) is discussed, as well as considerations of activism as evidenced by the development of Critical Animal Studies (CAS) with its central focus on advocacy and activism on behalf of animals. In the second half of the chapter, the remaining chapters in the Research Handbook on Animals and Society are briefly introduced.
Mertig, A. G. (2026). Introduction: Animals and society (human–animal studies). In A. G. Mertig (Ed.), Research handbook on animals and society (pp. 2–12). Edward Elgar Publishing. https://doi.org/10.4337/9781035300099.00008
Movement research
A framework to evaluate the effectiveness of animal welfare charities: Scoping review and initial development
Abstract:
Animal welfare charities exist to improve animal welfare and rely on charitable giving and, in some countries, government grants. Given the finite nature of such funds, any money received must be used effectively. However, there is little published in the scientific literature on the methodology and tools for assessing the effectiveness of animal welfare charity. This study conducted a scoping review to compile existing assessment methodologies of charities, revealing 29 records of charity effectiveness evaluation methodologies, most of which were found in the ‘grey literature’ from effective altruism organisations. The appraisal of these methodologies was used to inform the development of a framework to evaluate the effectiveness of animal welfare charities applying for a governmental grant in Ireland. This framework consists of a logic model, a weighted factor model, a cost-effectiveness assessment, and a charity accountability assessment. This framework could be used to increase the objectivity of grant-making decisions in Ireland and beyond by assessing the animal welfare impact of a charity’s work based on outcomes, focal species, and animal quality of life before, during, and after a charity intervenes. This would direct more funding to charities that have a greater animal welfare impact and value for money, as well as providing a tool to help charities increase their effectiveness by encouraging them to collect data on the outcomes of their work and to focus on activities that have the greatest animal welfare impact.
Rowe, E., Annan, R., Corridan, C., Hanlon, A., Leonard, B., Wensley, S., & Mullan, S. (2026). A framework to evaluate the effectiveness of animal welfare charities: Scoping review and initial development. Frontiers in Animal Science, 7. https://doi.org/10.3389/fanim.2026.1758227
Animal rights movement history and milestones
Abstract:
As a part of Animal Think Tank’s long-term strategy mapping project, the GOSM,
we have undertaken a project to review review and analyse past successes and failures
of the animal rights movement in the U.K. and, to a lesser extent, worldwide to surface
lessons and learnings we and the broader movement can apply in our activism. For the
purposes of this report, we have interviewed current, predominantly long-term animal
rights activists (at least 10-20 years in the movement), and studied past campaigns,
legislation, activists, policies, and other initiatives undertaken or acting on behalf of
animals. We have sought to understand not only what happened and why it succeeded
or failed, but, critically, what were the political conditions and context that impacted the
outcome of the activism. Understanding this will be critical for us, given our goals are
not only to change social and cultural conditions in favor of animals but then to
leverage those change conditions to push for legislative change for animals.
Animal Think Tank. (2026a). Animal rights movement history and milestones. Animal Think Tank. https://drive.google.com/file/d/1cX1eKvsKxWRnvCmNm29Ya4562MSIcAUM/view
Faunalytics Index – April 2026
Abstract:
This month’s Faunalytics Index provides facts and stats about animal use in U.S. and Canadian veterinary colleges, Chinese consumer responses to a default plant-based meal, the impact of drought on human-wildlife conflict, and more.
Faunalytics. (2026b). Faunalytics Index – April 2026. https://faunalytics.org/faunalytics-index-april-2026
Negotiating generative artificial intelligence in animal rights activism: A qualitative study in Türkiye
Abstract:
This phenomenological study examines how animal rights activists in Türkiye understand and engage with generative artificial intelligence (Gen AI). The research is based on semi-structured interviews with seventeen activists and ten months of digital observation. Thematic analysis generated three themes: ethical and value-based compatibility, practical applications in activism, and effectiveness and accessibility. Activists often relied on Gen AI to sustain campaign communication during periods of intensified mobilisation, while continuing to question its ethical compatibility and uneven accessibility. The study conceptualises activists’ engagement with Gen AI as an ongoing negotiation shaped by ethical concerns and practical demands.
Erben, S. E. (2026). Negotiating generative artificial intelligence in animal rights activism: A qualitative study in Türkiye. Social Sciences & Humanities Open, 13, 102843. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ssaho.2026.102843
Why does comparing speciesism to human oppression shut people down?
Tagline: What our latest research reveals about the ideas that connect, and the ones that backfire
Animal Think Tank. (2026b). Why does comparing speciesism to human oppression shut people down? Animal Think Tank. https://animalthinktank.substack.com/p/why-does-comparing-speciesism-to
Research methods
Animal sentience and the scientific cycle
Abstract:
Sentience defined narrowly is the capacity to experience feelings (i.e. consciously experienced affect) whereas emotion refers to functional affective states with no assumptions about how these might be experienced. Although broader definitions of sentience encompass awareness as well as feelings, the capacity of non-human animals to feel is one of the most important questions we can ask. First, from an applied welfare perspective, if it seems plausible that an animal can experience feelings such as pleasure or pain this should inform how we treat them. Second, by asking this question we might learn about the functions of feelings and why they evolved. Here we outline how the study of sentience in animals relates to different parts of the inductive-deductive scientific cycle. We discuss how plausible inferences about narrowly defined animal sentience are derived from inductive reasoning, meaning they can be thought of as untested hypotheses rather than robust conclusions. We then discuss how we can generate hypotheses and use deductive reasoning to derive testable predictions to reach stronger conclusions when sentience is defined more broadly, to include awareness. A third approach, abductive reasoning, may allow progress in our understanding of animal sentience where hypotheses remain untestable. Clarifying these distinctions may help ensure that discussions with stakeholders and policymakers are grounded in a clear understanding of the nature and limits of the available evidence regarding animal sentience.
Briffa, M., & Arnott, G. (2026). Animal sentience and the scientific cycle. Applied Animal Behaviour Science, 300, 106997. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.applanim.2026.106997
Six decades of animal accelerometry: Trends, applications, and future directions
Abstract:
The use of animal-borne devices to measure acceleration has yielded insights into animal locomotion, behaviour and energy expenditure. We present the first systematic review of accelerometry on animals, spanning 60 years, across ecology, biomechanics, agriculture, neurosciences, medical and veterinary sciences from over 400 species and 1520 studies. Most work to date is on terrestrial mammals, particularly domesticated species, while aerial and aquatic animals are relatively under-represented owing to device size and attachment constraints, and just one study has been conducted on amphibians. Despite this, accelerometry research has expanded globally across nearly 100 countries, across all groups of animals including birds, fish, invertebrates, mammals, and reptiles, and across wild and captive animals, including domesticated and non-domesticated species. A variety of software has been used, with open-source software and, more recently, machine learning tools being employed. On-board processing of accelerometry data, including real-time behavioural classification with deep learning to improve accuracy, can reduce power consumption and memory use several-fold, increasing deployment duration. Transfer of device types, sensors and analytical routines between fields in accelerometry offers considerable opportunities for advancing the field. For example, precision livestock farming uses real-time welfare monitoring, which could be adapted for aquaculture or even wild animal monitoring in areas with good data connectivity, while medical sector health monitoring could be used for wild animal disease tracking. The rapid growth in accelerometry requires urgent collaborative approaches to address big data challenges. This includes establishing standardised data repositories, developing open-electronics for low-cost device development and bespoke sensors, fostering capacity building and technical collaboration for device and algorithm advancements. This review also highlights geographic inequities in research accessibility and authorship, with less than 6% of accelerometry studies originating from authors from Africa, South America and Asia (excluding Japan, which contributed the second most studies globally) combined. The field must prioritise translational and inclusive research practices and cross-disciplinary collaboration to maximise scientific value and foster innovation while maximising animal welfare.
Rudd, J. L., Collins, M. A., Righton, D., White, H. L., Witt, M. J., Wright, S., & Hawkes, L. A. (2026). Six decades of animal accelerometry: Trends, applications, and future directions. Movement Ecology, 14(1). https://doi.org/10.1186/s40462-026-00641-1
Politics, law, and social change
Animals deserve more rights: An argument for compromises and unification within the leading animal rights theories
Abstract:
This essay examines the historical development, philosophical foundations, and future direction of animal rights in the United States. Beginning with the limited legal protections afforded to animals prior to the nineteenth century, it traces the progression from New York’s 1866 anti-cruelty statute to modern federal legislation such as the Animal Welfare Act and other regulatory reforms. It then turns to contemporary litigation, focusing on the 2022 case concerning Happy the Elephant and the efforts of the Nonhuman Rights Project to secure her release through habeas corpus. Although unsuccessful, the case illustrates both the limits and possibilities of current legal frameworks. The paper evaluates three major approaches within animal ethics: Gary Francione’s abolitionist approach, Peter Singer’s animal welfare approach, and Martha Nussbaum’s capabilities approach. After defining each theory and applying it to Happy’s case, I present a substantive objection to each, arguing that no single framework is sufficient as a stand-alone strategy. In response, I advocate for a unified and compromise-driven path forward and detail which compromises are necessary to achieve greater progress for animals in the legal system. To better illustrate my proposed compromises, I use them to argue for reforming state laws to classify animals as “sentient property,” which offers a realistic and impactful step toward expanding meaningful legal protections while laying the groundwork for broader future reform.
Lloyd, S. M. (2026, April 24). Animals deserve more rights: An argument for compromises and unification within the leading animal rights theories. https://digitalcommons.onu.edu/student_research_colloquium/2026/Posters/83/
Rethinking meat alternatives in eastern Europe: A just transition lens on policy, perception, and innovation in Romania
Abstract:
Alternative meat products, including plant-based, insect-based products, and cultured meat, are gaining momentum as sustainable food innovations. Yet, the perceptions of political and institutional actors, key players in shaping regulation, legitimacy, and public discourse, remain poorly understood. This study fills this gap by examining how Romanian policymakers and public institutional actors understand sustainable protein transition using the SPECT framework (Social, Policy, Environmental, Commercial, Technological dimensions). Using qualitative thematic analysis of semi-structured interviews with 18 political and institutional actors, the research provides the first in-depth account of how governance elites in an Eastern European context interpret the sustainability, risks, and legitimacy of meat alternatives. The originality of this research lies in reframing political and institutional actors as active co-authors, rather than passive implementers, of sustainable food transition. The findings reveal a cautious but structured hierarchy of acceptance: plant-based products are perceived as “palatable bridges” to sustainability, whereas insect-based and cultured meat products provoke reactions ranging from curiosity to strong symbolic rejection. Concerns extend beyond health or naturalness to include food sovereignty, fairness for domestic producers, and the preservation of culinary identity. Findings highlight the concept of trust as the “currency of transition,” showing that acceptance depends on credible institutions, transparent certification, and communication strategies grounded in local food traditions rather than globalist or “eco-elitist” narratives. Within the SPECT framework, social and policy dimensions proved more influential than technological or commercial ones, highlighting the primacy of cultural identity and institutional trust in shaping actors’ perceptions. By situating Romania’s case within the broader debate on just and inclusive food transition, the research provides new empirical evidence on how national identity, smallholder farming structures, and policy skepticism influence the political feasibility of adopting meat alternatives. The study concludes that aligning innovation with national food priorities through trust-based, inclusive policy design is essential for enabling a culturally embedded protein transition. Although the findings offer insights relevant to broader debates on sustainable protein transitions, their transferability to other national contexts is limited by Romania’s specific cultural, institutional, and agri-food structures.
Petrescu-Mag, R. M., Ginsca, C., Pistea, I., Reti, K. O., Pocol, C. B., Maricut, R. C., & Petrescu, D. C. (2026). Rethinking meat alternatives in eastern Europe: A just transition lens on policy, perception, and innovation in Romania. Food Science & Nutrition, 14(4), e71650. https://doi.org/10.1002/fsn3.71650
The economics of non-human animals: Revaluing life for a liveable planet
Abstract:
This Open Access volume sheds light on the economic role and true value of non-human animals’ in the global economy. Animals have been a pillar of human prosperity since the dawn of civilization. From early hunting and domestication to their roles in agriculture, science, transportation, wars, and entertainment, animals have shaped our world. Today, their contributions span from providing food and energy to supporting ecosystem services like pollination and pest control.
But animals are more than commodities—they are indispensable economic agents whose labor and agency have shaped the very foundations of our economic systems. This book honors their lives and contributions, and calls for a reassessment of their full worth: economically, ecologically, and ethically. Documenting how animals remain overlooked in economic studies, this book addresses this gap, by exploring their contributions in today’s economies, reassessing their true economic value, and proposing innovative ways to reflect this in economic decision-making. Covering all sectors of human-animal economic interaction, this comprehensive volume connects economics with other disciplines, applying frontier research on the valuation of nature to non-human animals.
The book also explores economic policy and regulatory solutions to help recognize animal agency and ecological interdependence, presenting examples of how more humane, animal-free systems can reduce inefficiencies, spark innovation, and enhance both ecological and economic resilience. Essential for understanding our past and future, this book highlights the indispensable role of animals in a sustainable economy. It will appeal to scholars, students, and researchers of economics and across other disciplines, as well as to policy-makers interested in a better understanding of the role of natural capital in economies and, specifically, the value and contributions of non-human animals to economic growth and stability.
Batini, N. (Ed.). (2026). The economics of non-human animals: Revaluing life for a liveable planet (Vol. 63). Springer Nature Switzerland. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-032-17580-9
Veg*ns and advocates
Exploring China’s vegan movement: A survey of the China Vegan Summit & V-March participants
Abstract:
China’s vegan landscape is unlike anywhere else in the world. This survey of Chinese vegans offers a unique window into the future of plant-based advocacy in the country.
Faunalytics. (2026a). Exploring China’s vegan movement: A survey of the China Vegan Summit & V-March participants. https://faunalytics.org/exploring-chinas-vegan-movement-a-survey-of-the-china-vegan-summit-v-march-participants
The aspirational plate: Mapping the gap between vegan & vegetarian identity and global behavior
Abstract:
Through a systematic review of 837 nationally representative sources, this Faunalytics study investigates dietary rates across 58 countries over 10 years, examining the gap between veg*n identity and global behavior. We provide advocates and researchers with insights and recommendations for how to approach this gap and the challenges it creates for our global movement.
Faunalytics. (2026c, April 29). The aspirational plate: Mapping the gap between vegan & vegetarian identity and global behavior. https://faunalytics.org/global-veg-behavior-gap
Our Sources
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- (egg OR dairy OR “animal product” OR “animal products” OR meat) AND (behavior OR behaviour OR attitude OR preference OR consumption OR reduction)
- (cultured OR cultivated OR “plant-based”) AND (meat OR milk OR dairy OR egg OR fish OR seafood)
- “cellular agriculture” [reviews]
- animal AND (advocate OR activist OR advocacy OR activism)
- (“Institution” OR “institutional” OR “food service” OR “school” OR “university”) AND (“meat reduction” OR “plant-based”)
- “animal welfare” AND (farm OR livestock OR aquaculture OR invertebrate OR crustacean OR insect OR advocate OR advocacy OR activist OR activism)
- (fish OR “aquatic animal” OR “aquatic animals”) AND welfare
- (sentience OR consciousness) AND (animal OR fish OR invertebrate OR insect OR crustacean)
- Speciesism
- “human-animal relations”
- (vegan OR vegetarian or flexitarian OR plant-based) AND (advocate OR advocacy OR activist OR activism OR intervention OR effective OR diet)
by Rana Ejtehadian - 1 minute read